A Presentation

on
Seminar

PREPARED BY:
Chavda vimal d
(149780309005)
Rabari chana s
(149780309017)
Dudharejiya hiren
(149780309009)
D.E.SEM IV
Electrical
Asiatic Institute of Science & Technology - Gondal
GUIDED BY:
Prof:
Asiatic Institute of Science & Technology - Gondal

A Reflection on Technology
Despite its limitations and dangers, technology can alleviate in part the bind in
which humankind naturally finds itself. Appropriate technology can increase
lifes possibilities, decrease physical burdens and difficulties at work, and free
people from routine activities while opening the door to all kinds of mental
creative labor. Natural disasters can be averted, illness overcome, and, in a
certain sense, with the aid of electronics and microprocessors, the deaf can hear,
the blind can see, and the lame walk again. Technology development can
provide a degree of social security, and increase available information so as to
extend and deepen communications.
Adapted from Perspectives on Technology and Culture, by Egbert Schuurman

Introduction to Power Systems

Concepts and Applications:
Introduction (Structure of Power Systems)
Basic Principles (AC Power)
Generation
Transmission Lines
Transformers
Power Flow
Stability
Transient and Harmonic Studies
Computer Programs
MathCAD, PSpice, MATLAB / Simulink (PowerSym),
PowerWord, EasyPower, EMTDC/PSCAD
Advanced Topics:
Distributed Generation, Renewable Power, Efficiency
3

1 Small Hydro Power Plant City of Plainwell, Michigan

Feasibility Study for Recovery of Plant
2 Belknap Lookout Community Feasibility Study of
Developing Wind Power Generation Project
3 Consumers Energy Control Center in Ada Work on
possible projects at the Control Center.

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Power System Analysis, Computing and Economics
Computing applications
Distribution system analysis
Economics, market organization, cost structures, pricing, and risk management
Intelligent system applications
Reliability, uncertainty, and probability and stochastic system applications

Power System Dynamic Performance

Power system dynamic modeling: components and systems
Power system stability: phenomena, analysis, and techniques
Power system stability controls: design and applications
Power system dynamic measurements
Power system interaction with turbine generators
Dynamic security assessment: techniques and applications, risk-based methods

Power System Operations

Power system dynamic modeling: components and systems
Power system stability: phenomena, analysis, and techniques
Energy control centers
Distribution operation
System control
Operating economics and pricing
5

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Power System Planning & Implementation
Generation system resource planning
Transmission system planning
Distribution system planning
Integrated resource planning and distributed resource planning
Load forecasting
Customer products and services planning and implementation
Industry restructuring planning and policy issues

Insulated Conductors

Construction and design of cables (materials and manufacturing)

Construction, design and testing of cable accessories (cable terminations and joints)
Construction, operation, and testing of cable system
Assembly, operation, and testing of station, control (including fiberoptic), and utilization cables (no
transmission and distribution cables)

Power Engineering Education

New instruction methods (software/ internet / laboratory / combined with research)
Virtual classrooms/laboratory
Distance education
Life-long learning
6

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Electric Machinery
DC Machines
Permanent magnet machinery systems
Switched and variable reluctance machines
Integral horsepower induction machinery
Wound rotor induction machinery
Single phase induction motors
Electronic drives for electric machinery
Induction generators for grid and isolated applications
Synchronous generators
Motor/generator sets for pumped storage
Synchronous motors materials to electric machinery
Electrical machinery theory
Numerical analysis of electric machinery
Power processing equipment
Insulation for electric machinery
Application of magnetic materials to electric machinery
Application of superconducting
Power System Communications
Communication systems
Communication media
Communication protocols
Communication standardization
Home automation and communication

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Power System Instrumentation and Measurements
Digital technology for measurements
Electricity metering
High voltage testing
Measurement techniques for impedance elements

Power System Relaying

Digital protection systems
Adaptive protections
Power system protection
Protection of electrical equipment
Relaying communications
Relaying for consumer interface

Substations
Substation automation
Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs)
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs)
Substation design
High voltage power electronics stations
Gas insulated substations (GIS)
8

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Surge Protective Devices
Design/testing of high voltage surge protective devices (>1000V)
Application of high voltage surge protective devices (>1000V)
Design/testing of low voltage surge protective devices (<1000V)
Application of low voltage surge protective devices (<1000V)
Nuclear Power Engineering
Nuclear power plant controls
Modeling, simulations and control
monitoring and instrumentation
Transformer
Power and instrument transformers
Insulating fluids
Dielectric testing
Audible noise and vibration
Transformer modeling techniques

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Transmission and Distribution
AC transmission and distribution facilities
Lightning phenomena and insulator performance
Overhead line conductors: thermal and mechanical aspects
Corona, electric, and magnetic fields
Towers, poles, and hardware
Capacitors, shunt and series capacitor banks, and harmonic filter banks
HVDC transmission and distribution, FACTS and power electronic applications to ac transmission
Harmonics and power quality
Transients, switching surges, and electromagnetic noise
Maintenance and operation of overhead lines
Work procedures, safety, tools, and equipment
Superconductivity analysis and devices
Distributed resources
Energy Development and Power Generation
Excitation systems
Power system stabilizers
Advanced energy technologies, Renewable energy technologies
Station design, operations, and control
Modeling, simulation and control of power plants
Monitoring and instrumentation of power plants
Control of distributed generation
Hydroelectric power plants, Power plant scheduling, Engineering economic issues
10
International practices in energy development

An Overview of Power and Energy Systems

Make sure you have your students run LOTS of load flows...
PowerWorld has an excellent demo package for schools.
You can be sure to tell them that in the "real world" though,
we are running 30,000+ bus load flows!
However, they will NOT have to know anything about
wavelets! :-)
We have a lot of positions open and will have more in the
near future.
Regards,
W.G, Ph.D., P.E.
Supervisor, Operations Engineering
Southwest Power Pool
11

Objectives/Introductory Words:
Regulatory and policy issues

History of regulation in the US and abroad

Federal and National organizations

Conservation: what works and are there new ideas?

The role of regulators in the US

Electricity restructuring

The role of the US Federal vs. State governments

What happened in California?

12

Construction of Generators: Key component is the 3

phase generator
Simple in raising and lowering voltages:
Generators limited to about 25kV
Transmission at 345,500 and 765kV (low losses)
Sub transmission at 115, 69, 22kV
Distribution at 12, 8, 4kV
Key component:

power transformer

13

AC Power and Phasors

A phasor is a representation of a sinusoidal voltage or current
as a vector rotating about the origin of the complex plane.
Example of Voltage and current calculations without phasors:
For a simple RL circuit with the above excitation voltage, find
the current:
This becomes a very difficult problem to solve, with the
solution:

14

AC Power and Phasors

Phasor representation of Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance

Advantages of Phasors
Less Cumbersome (short hand notation)
Simpler Calculations (complex arithmetic, calculators can do), generally less need
for integration and differentiation
Additional insights may be obtained about relations between currents, voltages,
and power
Limitations
Applies only to sinusoidal steady-state systems
Power Calculated using phasors is only the time average
15

Multiply Voltage at time t by the current

at time t.
Note that power may flow in both
directions.

HW 1 - Verify behavior of AC instantaneous power (using MathCAD,

Mathematica, PSpice). Assume sinusoidal (different phase-shifts) and nonsinusoidal voltages / currents. Use a half-wave rectification load to generate a
non-sinusoidal load. Interpret the results.16

Instantaneous power may flow in both

directions
Instantaneous power may be broken
up into two components:
Real Power only flows in one direction, its
average value is zero or positive
Reactive Power always oscillates in one
direction and then reverses an equal
amount. Its average value is always zero.

17

If we use DC voltage and current then the

power delivered to a load is:
If we are given an AC voltage and
current that are in phase then:

Where

18

Use RMS so that the product of voltage

and current gives the correct power
value, or the effective value of energy
delivered per second to the load.
If the current is not in phase with the
voltage then:
The reactive power is

19

Three phase is generated by a generator

with three sets of independent windings
which are physically spaced 120 degrees
around the stator.
Voltages are labeled phase a, phase b,
and phase c and are the same magnitude
but differ in phase angle by 120 degrees.

20

Smooth torque on generator shaft

Delivery of constant power to a 3 phase
load
3 Wires and not 6

What about unbalanced conditions?

21

Current = I

Voltage=
V 0 deg

Requires 2 wires to deliver power

22

Phase a
Voltage a=
V 0 deg
Voltage c=
V +120 deg

Neutral
Voltage b=
V -120 deg
Phase b

Phase c

If the three phase load is balanced the neutral

carries no current and can be eliminated.
23

3 Phase
Load

Phase a
Voltage a=
V 0 deg
3 Phase
Load
Voltage c=
V +120 deg

Voltage b=
V -120 deg
Phase b

Phase c

24

Voltage Drop and Reactive Power Compensation

V2 / 2

V1 = 13.2*10^3 + j0
P&Q
I
ZLine = 1 +j7

ZLoad = 10 +j30

C=?

HW 2 - Calculate the voltage at the receiving end of the line. If the voltage is
too low, compute the size of the capacitor which will recover the voltage to
the same value of the sending end. Use MathCAD/Mathematica to calculate
the value of C and then PSpice to verify behavior.

25

AC Power - Class Exercise

Calculate the real and reactive power absorbed by the two configurations below (as a function of V, R
and L).

R
V 0 deg

XL

V 0 deg

XL

26

AC Transmission - Power Flow - HW 3

Bus 2

Bus 1

Z = R +jX

V1 deg

V2 deg

S12 = P12 + jQ12

27

Network Equations
KCL and KVL in pharos domain
Formulation of mesh equations
Formulation of nodal equations
Conversion of system of equations to matrices
Matrix operations
Inverse
Transpose
Conjugate
Solution of matrix equations
Example Discussion (Admittance and Impedance Matrix)

28

Transmission conductor can have a

smaller cross section
Provides better voltage regulation at the
load bus

29

Each region of the power system is

uniquely defined by a standard voltage
determined by the transformer windings,
this sets base voltage
The entire system is given a base power
to which everything in the power flow is
referred

30

Voltages: 0.95 to 1.05 pu volts

System Base 100MVA

Real Power: 100 MW = 1.0 pu, 1000MW=10pu

Transmission Line: All quantities in per

unit

31

Used to design the power system

send to upgrade the power system
Used to study the power system in real
time for secure operation
By far the most useful calculation used
by power system engineers

32

Load Bus: uses both P and Q equation

Solves for V and

Generation Bus: Uses only the P equation

and assumes V to be fixed (regulated
voltage)
Reference or swing bus, assumes V and
are fixed (no P or Q equation possible.

33

Load Flow Problem

Load flow calculations are used to determine the voltage,

current, and real and reactive power at various points in a power
system under normal steady-state conditions.
For power systems with a large number of buses, the load flow
problem becomes computationally intensive. Therefore, for large
power systems, the load flow is solved using specific programs
based on iterative techniques, such as the Newton-Raphson
method.
Power systems of smaller size, however, require considerably
less computational effort, and load flow algorithms can be
developed which function easily on personal computers.
34

Load Flow Problem

The approach used here for solving the load flow is based on the
Newton-Raphson iterative method. The required input to the
problem is the generated and load power at each bus and the
voltage magnitude on generating buses.
This information is acquired from load data and the normal
system operating conditions. The solution provides the voltage
magnitude and phase angle at all buses and the power flows and
losses of the transmission lines.

35

Load Flow Problem

For load flow calculations, the system buses are classified into three types:
The slack bus: There is only one such bus in the system. Due to losses in the network, the real
and reactive power cannot be known at all buses. Therefore, the slack bus will provide the
necessary power to maintain the power balance in the system. The slack bus is usually a bus
where generation is available. For this bus, the voltage magnitude and phase angle are specified
(normally the voltage phase angle is set to zero degrees). The voltage phase angle of all other
buses is expressed with the slack bus voltage phasor as reference.

The generating or PV-bus: This bus type represents the generating stations of the system.
The information known for PV-buses is the net real power generation and bus-voltage magnitude.
The net real power generation is the generated real power minus the real power of any local load.
The load or PQ-bus: For these buses, the net real and reactive power is known. PQ-buses
normally do not have generators. However, if the reactive power of a generator reaches its limit,
the corresponding bus is treated as a PQ-bus. This is equivalent to adjusting the bus voltage until
the generator reactive power falls within the prescribed limits.

Distribution substations and feeders may be treated as generating buses in distribution

networks.
36

Load Flow Problem

The load flow equations are written in terms of the net power injection
to each bus. With reference to figure below, the net power injection into
the kth bus is the combination of generated and load power. The power
flowing out of this bus must equal the net injected power. Therefore, the
power balance equation at the kith bus is written as follows in terms of the
system voltage

37