Shell

NORM Management System
(Shell Group HSE MS)
Gert Jonkers
Engineering & Analytical - GSEA/4 Problem Solving
(Shell E&P Ionising Radiation/NORM HSE Expert CHP)
location
Shell Research & Technology Centre, Amsterdam

P.O. 38000
NL-1030 BN Amsterdam
the Netherlands
EXPLOIT ALL a priori KNOWLEDGE ON E&P NORM

FLARE
FUEL GAS
FLARE K.O.
DRUM
GAS
SCRUBBER
PRODUCTION
MANIFOLD
GAS
SCRUBBER
2 ND STAGE
SEPARATOR
1 ST STAGE
SEPARATO
R
DEHYDRATOR
OIL SHIPPING
PUMP
FLOTATION
CELL
OVERBOARD
PUMP
S.W.SERVICES
COOLERS ETC.
WATER FLOOD
INJECTION
G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA

P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam
SKIMMED
OIL PUMP
DEAERATOR
WELLHEADS
PRODUCTION
TUBING
METERING EXPORT
PACKAGE
LINE
SEA WATER
PUMP
SEA WATER
BOOSTER PUMP
E&P NORM Workshop

Muscat, February 21-24, 2005
tel. +31 20 630 3424

Gert.Jonkers@Shell.com
Effective Radiation Protection Programme

IAEA, Operational Radiation Protection - Safety Guides, Safety Series 101 1990
IAEA, Recommendations for the Safe Use and Regulation of Radiation Sources in Industry, Medicine, Research and Teaching, Safety Series 102, 1990
Organisation
& Management
committed to
Safety & ALARP
Successful
Personnel
Selection
& Training
1. Effective
1. Appropriate
Management
Structure
2. Clearly
Documented
Authorities,
Responsibilities,
Job descriptions
3. Adequate
resources
4. Commitment to
Safety & ALARP
from all Employees
Selection Criteria
2. Complete PostAppointment
Training
ad 1) adequate
corporate/site
structure, seniority
safety management,
safety independent
of production
ad 2)
production/safety:
publish policies,
clear organisation
chart
ad 3)
production/safety:
competent staff,
adequate facilities
ad 4) training,
appraisal ratings
include safety
Jonkers,
GSEA/4 at
performance
ad 1) documented
qualification
requirements for all
levels, minimum age
requirements,
identified and
documented medical
requirements
ad 2) formal review
training
requirements,
documented training
objectives, adequate
scope of training
programme,
induction training to
rectify deficiencies
G.
SRTCA
Effective
Occupational
Radiation
Control
1. Effective
Control of
Doses and Intakes
2. Adequate Control
Standards
3. Effective
Surveillance
ad 1) adequate control
of source, provision
of physical barriers,
provision of
administrative
controls
ad 2) adequately
derived standards,
adequately
documented
standards, predetermined
reference and action
levels
ad 3) adequate
monitoring of
workplace,
appropriate personal
dosimetry,
assessment of
results and data of
occupational
radiation control
Effective
Public
Radiation
Control
1. Identification
of
Potential Sources
of Public Exposure
2. Adequately Derived
and Documented
Criteria to Limit
Public Exposure
ad 1) adequate control
of public doses due
to
> accident
situations,
> routine releases,
> transport of
radioactive
materials,
> radioactive waste
ad 2) individual and
collective doses
E&P NORM Workshop

Effective
Emergency
Planning
& Preparedness
1. Identification
Potential Accident
Situations
2. Evaluation
Unidentified
Accident Situations
3. Preparation
Contingency Plans
4. Exercise
Contingency Plans
5. Periodic Review
Emergency Plans
Implementation
Quality
Assurance
1. Identification
of
Components
Requiring Formal
Quality Assurance
2. Identification of
Applicable
Standards
3. Adequate Appraisal
Regimes
ad 1) equipment /
procedure oriented
ad 2) satisfy selfdetermined /
external / national
standards
ad 3) defined appraisal
committee /
frequency of
appraisals / scope of
appraisals
ad 1) location, cause
ad 2) evaluation of
non-radiological
conseq./ hazard /
personnel-at-risk /
consequences
ad 3) statements
potential situations &
identifiable hazards,
provision of
adequate
communicat.,
recommended
course of action,
availability
emergency
equipment,
notifications outside
organisation, plans
tel. +31 20 630 3424
for exposed
personnel
ad 4) degree of
Evolution of HSE Management Systems

Assurance
Safety
Line
Management
Focus
Safety
(HSE)
Management
System
Human Error
Focus
equipment
focus
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Past
Present
Safety engineers / officers

Reaction to accidents
Accidents accepted
Prescriptive rules
Safety was a side issue
Line management responsibility supported by safety (HSE) advisers

Prevention of accidents
Accidents can severely erode the reputation/results of the Company
Goal setting rules risk based
HSE is a core issue

E&P NORM Workshop

TRENDS
tel. +31 20 630 3424

HSE Management System Structure

Leadership and Commitment
Policy and Strategic
Objectives
PLAN
Organisation, Responsibilities, Resources,

Standards and Documents
Hazards and Effects
Management
DO
Planning and Procedures
Corrective
Action
FEEDBACK
Implementation
Monitoring
Audit
Corrective Action
and Improvement
Management Review
Corrective Action
and Improvement
CHECK

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

Leadership & Commitment

Specific requirements for (E&P) NORM (draft)
Company Management shall ensure that extracted natural resources (e.g. Oil, Gas, Tar
sands, Coal) are evaluated on NORM contents and that methods to reduce production
are considered.
All persons that can potentially be exposed to NORM shall be informed.

Site owner shall assess the risk of NORM contained in feedstock or purchased
materials based on extracted natural resources and minimize the quantities imported.
Site owner shall check and have an inventory of accumulations of NORM in company
and contractor equipment.
Management to make sure that a qualified person is assigned to advice on dealing with
the NORM. Accountability for managing NORM rests with site management.
Receivers of products and waste streams from contaminated installations shall be made
aware of the NORM contents.
Company and contractor organisations maintaining or demolishing the installations shall

be made aware of contaminations and the correct disposal route.
Emergency response plans shall deal with the reputation aspects of inadvertent
handover or disposal of NORM containing product, equipment or waste

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

Potential Embedment of NORM (IR Protection) Know How

Company
Managing Director/Board
Radiation (NORM) Advisory Committee

Chair: HSE Manager
Members: Managers of NORM-affected operations (incl. contractors)
Company Radiation Focal Point
Operations Radiation Focal Point
External
Radiation
Protection
Advisor
Field/Asset Radiation Focal Points

Field/Asset HSE advisors (Radiation Protection Technicians)
(HSE critical activities)

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

Hazard and Effects Management Process (HEMP)
Identify
Are people, environment or assets exposed

to potential harm?
Assess
What are the causes and consequences?

How likely is loss of control?
What is the risk and is it ALARP?
Control
Can the causes be eliminated?

What controls are needed?
How effective are the controls?
Recover
Can potential consequences or effects be mitigated?

What recovery measures are needed?
Are recovery capabilities suitable and sufficient?

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

MODES OF (NATURAL) DECAY

222
Rn
218
Po +
emission of mono-energetic, fast (MeV) He nuclei
214
Pb
214
Bi +
emission of poly-energetic, fast (keV< >MeV) electrons
Pa
234m
234
Pa +
emission of mono-energetic, penetrative (keV< >MeV) photons

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

RADIATION PENETRATION CHARACTERISTICS

E&P NORM Workshop

10
tel. +31 20 630 3424

POTENTIAL EXPOSURE & ASSESSMENT

Inhalation (Bq/m3) airborne &
radon contaminates body (lungs)
Intake (Bq) & DCCinh (Sv/Bq):

internal dose (Sv)
Ingestion (Bq/L, Bq/g)

contaminates body (stomach)
Intake (Bq) & DCCing (Bq/Sv):

internal dose (Sv)
Irradiation by -photons
from outside the body
Dose rate (Sv/h) / exp. Time (h):

external dose (Sv)
surface dose rate (Sv/h per

Bq/cm2) / exp. time (h):
Contamination (Bq/cm2) of
the outside body (skin)
skin dose (Sv)
Dose Conversion Coefficient

(Bq/Sv, ex ICRP #72)
Radionuclide Specific
Sum whole body dose (Sv)
E&P NORM Workshop

11
tel. +31 20 630 3424

The Bow Tie model
CONSE
QUENCE
H
A
Z
A
R
D
SCENARIO
Top
Event
CONSE
QUENCE
THREAT
RECOVERY
PREPAREDNESS
MEASURES
BARRIERS
CONSE
QUENCE
Control (keep within control limits)
Prepare for emergencies
Objective: reduce likelihood

(pro-active/preventative)
Objective: mitigate consequences

and re-instate (reactive)

E&P NORM Workshop

12
tel. +31 20 630 3424

Possible End Consequences from a Top Event

People
NORM no acute effects
chronic exposure
Environment
discharges to air &
water; waste
Reputation

E&P NORM Workshop

13
tel. +31 20 630 3424

HSE Commitment and Risk Management

HSE Commitment
Target
Leadership and Commitment

CONSE
QUENCE
H
A
Z
A
R
D
Organisation, Responsibilities, Resources,

Standards and Documents
SCENARIO
Top
Event
CONSE
QUENCE
THREAT
BARRIERS
Policy and Strategic

Objectives
Hazards and Effects

Management
Planning and Procedures
RECOVERY
PREPAREDNESS
MEASURES
CONSE
QUENCE
Control (keep within control limits)
Prepare for emergencies
Objective: reduce likelihood

(pro-active/preventative)
Objective: mitigate consequences

and re-instate (reactive)
Corrective
Action
Implementation
Monitoring
Audit
Corrective Action
and Improvement
Management Review
Corrective Action
and Improvement
tasks
responsibilities
competencies
procedures
E&P NORM Workshop

14
tel. +31 20 630 3424

FROM DOSE TO RISK LEVELS

Hazard Identification:
NORM exposure within in stochastic (chronic) dose regime, i.c. no deterministic (acute)
effects
Epidemiological data shown conclusively that ionising radiation can cause cancer in
human beings.
Dose-Response Relationship:
Absorbed dose in tissue is the physical fundamental quantity, that determines the
response, NOT the source of radiation;
Estimates stem from special groups exposed well above natural levels, like Japanese
bomb survivors, uranium miners, radium dial painters;
Linear function of dose without a threshold (LNT-model; UNSCEAR 5% per Sv).
Exposure Assessment:
Similar for (naturally occurring) radionuclides and other hazardous chemicals except that
external exposure to penetrating radiation is an important pathway.
Risk Characterisation:
Relatively straightforward, and generally focuses on fatal cancers as the endpoint of
concern (LNT-model; UNSCEAR = 5% per Sv adopted by ICRP).

E&P NORM Workshop

15
tel. +31 20 630 3424

Quantified Risk Assessment Levels (QRA)
Individual Risk Per Annum

Intolerable
10-3 die per year
natural background dose
10-4 die per year

The ALARP or Tolerable Risk
Region (Risk is tolerated only
and risks have to be managed to
ALARP)
NORM source constraint
10-5/year
10-6/y

Too high, significant effort

required to improve.
High, investigate alternatives
public dose limit
Low, consider
cost effective alternatives
Broadly acceptable region.
No need for detailed working

to demonstrate ALARP
Fundamental improvements needed. Only to be

considered if there are no
alternatives and people
are well informed.
Negligible, maintain normal precautions
practice source constraint
E&P NORM Workshop

16
tel. +31 20 630 3424

Operations - External Radiation Hazard

TARGET
TARGET
Minimisation
Minimisationof
ofExposure
Exposureto
toPenetrative
PenetrativeRadiation
Radiation
Emitted
Emittedby
byNORM
NORMDeposits
Deposits
TIME
TIME
Minimise
Minimisethe
thetime
timespent
spentininproximity
proximityofofNORM
NORMaffected
affected
facility
facilityparts.
parts.
DISTANCE
DISTANCE Maximise
Maximisethe
thedistance
distancetotoNORM
NORMaffected
affectedfacility
facilityparts.
parts.
SHIELDING
SHIELDING Maximise
Maximisethe
theshielding
shieldingbetween
betweenpersonnel
personneland
andNORM
NORM
affected
affectedfacility
facilityparts.
parts.

E&P NORM Workshop

Barriers
Separation (Time & Distance)
Administrative (Training, Warning)
Procedural
17
tel. +31 20 630 3424

Maintenance - Internal & External Radiation Hazard

TARGET
TARGET Prevention
Preventionof
ofInternal
InternalContamination
Contaminationby
byNaturally
Naturally
Occurring
OccurringRadionuclides
Radionuclidesin
inDeposits
Deposits(NORM)
(NORM)
Ingestion
Ingestion Avoid
Avoiddirect
directskin
skincontact
contactwith
withLSA
LSAdeposits.
deposits.No
Noeating,
eating,
drinking
drinkingetc.
etc.atatthe
theworkplace.
workplace.Use
UsePPE
PPE(e.g.
(e.g.gloves).
gloves).
Inhalation
InhalationAvoid
Avoiddust
dustgenerating
generatingoperations.
operations.Use
UsePPE
PPE(e.g.
(e.g.
respiratory
protection).
respiratory protection).
External
External Time
Time(Distance/Shielding)
(Distance/Shielding)applies
appliesas
aswell.
well.
Barriers
Separation (Time & Distance)
Procedural
Repressive (ventilation, dust filtration)

E&P NORM Workshop

18
tel. +31 20 630 3424

ABANDONMENT - Internal & External Radiation

Hazard
TARGET
TARGET Reducing
Reducingboth
bothExternal
Externaland
andInternal
InternalDose
Doseby
by
Naturally
NaturallyOccurring
OccurringRadionuclides
Radionuclidesin
inDeposits
Deposits
(NORM
(NORM))from
fromformer
formerGas/Oil
Gas/OilProduction
ProductionActivities
Activities
to
toan
anAcceptable
AcceptableLevel
Levelfor
forFuture
FutureInhabitants
Inhabitants
Ingestion
Ingestion Determine
Determineamount
amountofofradioactivity
radioactivityentering
enteringfood
foodchain.
chain.
Inhalation
InhalationPotential
Potential(topsoil)
(topsoil)dust
dustactivity
activitylevels
levelsextremely
extremelylow.
low.
External
External (Sub)soil
(Sub)soilactivity
activitylevels
levelssufficient
sufficientlow.
low.
Barriers
Procedural
Preventative (area cover, collection)
Repressive (ventilation, dust filtration)
Recovery Preparedness
Curative (cleanup, remediation)
Compensatory

E&P NORM Workshop

19
tel. +31 20 630 3424

Review & Corrective Actions
Dose records and/or dose assessments, NORM surveys,

NORM analysis results, NORM production (notification &
licensing?) should be reviewed regularly by the Radiation
Advisory Committee defining Corrective Actions for
Improvement
E&P NORM Workshop

20
tel. +31 20 630 3424

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO PROTECTION AGAINST NORM

OPERATIONS
or
NORM (external/contamination) radiation survey
dose readings > 0.5 Sv/h NORM contaminated

contamination readings > 50 bg
signpost areas
0.1 Sv/h < dose readings < 0.5 Sv/h NORM suspect
or 5 bg < contamination readings < 50 bg
and
dose readings < 0.1 Sv/h

contamination readings < 5 bg
MAINTENANCE
no NORM restrictions
NORM (external/contamination) readings ad hoc
NORM contaminated: take external and contamination readings for

open tanks/vessels, working hours, asses dose, Waste
Storage
NORM suspect: take external and contamination readings for open
tanks/vessels, record working times, take representative sample
Analyse for final classification of waste: normal / NORM
213424
tel. +31 20 630
E&P NORM Workshop
Risk of Radiation Doses

Compare with Natural Background Dose
E&P NORM Workshop

22
tel. +31 20 630 3424


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NORM Management System

(Shell Group HSE MS)

Shell Research & Technology Centre, Amsterdam

EXPLOIT ALL a priori KNOWLEDGE ON E&P NORM

G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

Effective Radiation Protection Programme

E&P NORM Workshop

Evolution of HSE Management Systems

Safety engineers / officers

Line management responsibility supported by safety (HSE) advisers

G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

HSE Management System Structure

Organisation, Responsibilities, Resources,

Planning and Procedures

G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

Leadership & Commitment

All persons that can potentially be exposed to NORM shall be informed.

Company and contractor organisations maintaining or demolishing the installations shall

G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

Potential Embedment of NORM (IR Protection) Know How

Radiation (NORM) Advisory Committee

Operations Radiation Focal Point

Field/Asset Radiation Focal Points

G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

Hazard and Effects Management Process (HEMP)

Are people, environment or assets exposed

What are the causes and consequences?

Can the causes be eliminated?

Can potential consequences or effects be mitigated?

G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

MODES OF (NATURAL) DECAY

emission of mono-energetic, fast (MeV) He nuclei

emission of poly-energetic, fast (keV< >MeV) electrons

emission of mono-energetic, penetrative (keV< >MeV) photons

G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

RADIATION PENETRATION CHARACTERISTICS

G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA

E&P NORM Workshop

tel. +31 20 630 3424

POTENTIAL EXPOSURE & ASSESSMENT

Intake (Bq) & DCCinh (Sv/Bq):

Ingestion (Bq/L, Bq/g)

Intake (Bq) & DCCing (Bq/Sv):

Dose rate (Sv/h) / exp. Time (h):

surface dose rate (Sv/h per

skin dose (Sv)

Dose Conversion Coefficient

Sum whole body dose (Sv)

E&P NORM Workshop