Jenis fractures & callus :

Incomplete fractures :

1. Greenstick
2. Fissured
3. Perforating
4. Depresed
5. Compressed
6. Spontan

Complete fractures :
1. Simple (closed)
2. Impacted
3. Comminuted
4. Compound (open)
5. Complicated
6. Tendo avulsion.

Pembentukan calus:
1. Mal union
2. Delayed union
3. Non union
4. Myiositis oscifican

Kerusakan tulang :
1. Osteoporosis
2. Osteochondro malacia
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta
4. Bone degeneratif
5. Bone canser
6. Bone necrotic.

Kelainan sendi :

Subluxation
Dislocation
Arthrodesis
Arthrogryposis
Perthes desease (acetabulum datar)
Genu valgus ( X legs)
Genu varus ( O legs)
Genu recurvatum
Clubfoot
2

Kelainan columna vertebralis :

Alignment :
1. Skoliosis ( tipe C & S).
2. Lordosis
3. Kiposis
4. Kiposkoliosis, Lordoskoiosis.
Kalsifikasi : tendon, ligamentum
Foramen intervertebralis : penyempitan.
Spondylo arthrosis, Spondylolisthesis.
Sacralisasi : Corpus V.L.5 melekat pd S 1.
Hernia Nucleus Puposus : Menekan medula spinalis.
Spina bifida : menekan radix nn. spinalis
Compressed fracture corpus veretebrae: corpus tipis.
Fracture & Luxation : bila medula sp. putus, paralise.
3

Kelainan otak :

Perdarahan otak (cva) : stroke

Emboli pembuluh darah otak : stroke
Hidrocephalus
Degenerasi sel otak : Parkinson, Alzaimer.
Benigna, karsinoma otak.
Trauma capitis : comotio cerebri, contusio
cerebri, haematom extradural, haematom
intradural,
4

Jenis pemeriksaan radiologi :

Door lighting (lihat langsung, tanpa foto)

Rontgen (X) foto :
1. Tanpa kontras : Foto tulang, sendi, sinus
2. Dg kontras : myelografi, foto fungsi ginjal, usus, HSG.
CT scan (Computerize Tomografi).
MRI (Magnetic Resonans Imaging).
Ultrasono grafi (USG)
Bone scan
Radioisotop Tomografi.

Endoscopy : slang masuk dalam usus, gunting dan camera

(Internis).