SMK SERI BINTANG

UTARA
SCIENCE
Group name: -Adila Huda
-Nur Alia
-Mayysara
-Syahanis
-Aidil Haziq
-Gavin

Topic

: 3.1orgamisms and their

classfifications (amphibians)

Teacher

: Cik Salwah

INTRODUCTION OF AMPHIBIANS

.Introduction.
Amphibians are a class of vertebrates. frogs, toads,
salamanders, newts and caecilians. All amphibians are
cold-blooded, and most lay eggs. The majority of species
undergo metamorphosis, the process of transformation
from an immature form to an adult form in two or more
distinct stages. However, a significant minority of the
species develop directly from eggs, usually laid on land,
without a larval stage.
Almost all species are dependent on moist conditions,
and many require freshwater habitats in which to breed.
The greatest diversity occurs in tropical forests, with
species richness generally lower in temperate and arid
regions. Amphibians are entirely absent from marine
environments

TYPES AND
CHARACTERIS
TIC OF
AMPHIBIANS

The
representativ
es of class
Amphibian
thrive well
both on land
and in water
i.e.
amphibious.

A bone
endoskeleton
with varying
numbers of
vertebrae; ribs
present in some,
absent or fused
to vertebrae in
others.

Characteristic of class
Amphibians

Amphibians are
cold-blooded or
exothermic animals.
Unlike warmblooded animals,
which regulate their
body temperature
internally,
amphibians derive
heat from outside
their body.

The skin is
smooth, thin,
hairless, porous
and rarely scaled.
The skin contains
both mucus
glands and
poison glands.

A smooth thin,
skin containing
both mucus
glands and
poisoning glands

4 limbs which may be

vary in sizes with the
forelimbs of some
being much smaller
than the hind limbs;
some are legless

CHARACTERISTICS OF
CLASS AMPHIBIANS
The mouth is usually
large with small teeth
in upper or both jaws;
two nostrils open into
the interior part of the
mouth cavity

Limbs have various

number and webbed
feet are often present;
no true nails or claws

REPRODUCTION AND
LIFE CYCLE
OF AMPHIBIANS

REPRODUCTION
For the purpose of reproduction most amphibians require fresh water
although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various
means of keeping them moist.
Almost all of these frogs live in wet tropical rainforests and their eggs
hatch directly into miniature versions of the adult, passing through the
tadpole stage within the egg. Reproductive success of many amphibians
is dependent not only on the quantity of rainfall, but the seasonal timing.
In the tropics, many amphibians breed continuously or at any time of
year. In temperate regions, breeding is mostly seasonal, usually in the
spring, and is triggered by increasing day length, rising temperatures or
rainfall.
Males usually arrive at the breeding sites before females and the vocal
chorus they produce may stimulate ovulation in females and the
endocrine activity of males that are not yet reproductively active.

REPRODCUTION
When frogs mate, the male climbs on the back
of the female and wraps his fore limbs round her
body, either behind the front legs or just in front
of the hind legs. This position is called amplexus
and may be held for several days.
The male frog has certain hormone-dependent
secondary sexual characteristics. These include the
development of special pads on his thumbs
in the breeding season, to give him a firm hold.

The grip of the male frog during amplexus stimulates the female to
release eggs, usually wrapped in jelly, as spawn. In many species the
male is smaller and slimmer than the female.
Males have vocal cords and make a range of croaks, particularly in the
breeding season, and in some species they also have vocal sacs to
amplify the sound.

FROG
Frogs are one of amphibians.
They lay eggs in the water, and the eggs
stick to each other and
forming a group of eggs. Frogs pond dozens up to
hundreds of eggs but not all
eggs will hatch as other wildlife will the eggs
of the frogs.

After 21 days of growth, it will turn into tadpoles. Tadpoles

will grow until they managed to swim in the water.
This takes 3 days to 3 weeks

After 5 days, the tadpoles begins to change. The behind legs begin to
form, followed by the front legs. Front legs are formed in the back of
head bulge. At this stage, the tadpole will swim to the surface to
breath . The tail helps it swim to get food. Tadpoles starts to eat
plants and animal decay. Tadpoles begin to shrink. Lung began to
grow,to be able to live on land when they have perfectly turn into a
frog

CAECILIANS
The caecilians are an order of amphibians that superficially resemble
earthworms or snakes. They mostly live hidden in the ground, making
them the least familiar order of amphibians.
making the smaller
the larger species, with
resemble snakes. Their
cloacae are near the

Caecilians completely lack limbs,

species resemble worms, while
lengths up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in),
tails are short or absent, and their
ends of their bodies

Their skin is smooth and usually dark-matte, but some species have
colorful skins. Inside the skin are calcite scales, although many species
don't have any scales at all.
They have a strong skull, with a pointed snout used to force
their way through soil or mud. In most species, the bones
in the skull are reduced in number and fused together, and
the mouth is recessed under the head. Their muscles
are
adapted to pushing their way through the
ground, with
the skeleton and deep muscles acting as a

SALAMANDER

They are typically characterized by a superficially

lizard-like appearance, with slender bodies, blunt
snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to
the body, and the presence of a tail
Salamanders never have more than four toes on
their front legs and five on their rear
legs, but some species have
fewer digits and others lack hind limbs. Their
permeable skin usually makes them reliant on habitats
in or near water or other cool, damp places. Some salamander
species are fully aquatic throughout their life, some take to the water
intermittently and others are entirely terrestrial as adults

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