Chapter 1

Chemistry and measurement

Lecturer: DR HO SOON MIN

Room : A3-F06
Email: soonmin.ho@newinti.edu.my

Learning objectives
To explain the law of conservation of mass
To compare three common states
To describe the classifications of matter
To distinguish between chemical properties and physical
properties
To convert from one temperature scale to another
To calculate the density of a substance
3

Learning outcomes
students will be able to
Solve quantitative problems related to calculate the
density of a substance, convert from one temperature
scale to another.
Solve the qualitative problems related to define the law
of conservation of mass, compare three common
states, describe the classifications of matter,
distinguish between chemical properties and physical
properties
4

1.1 Modern chemistry: A brief Glimpse

The materials around us are composed of atoms

The precise arrangement of these atoms into molecules

1.2 Experiment and explanation

Experiment : is an observation of natural phenomena

carried out in a controlled manner so that the results
can be duplicated
Theory: is a tested explanation of basic natural
phenomena.

1.3 Law of conservation of mass

Mass

The quantity of matter in a material.

Matter

Whatever occupies space and can be perceived by

our senses.

Weight

Is taken to be the force on the object due to gravity

Weigh =mass X gravity

Law of conservation of mass :

The total mass remains constant during
a chemical change [Lavoisier, a French chemist]]
7

Conservation of mass - exercise

[1] A 15.9g sample of sodium carbonate is added to a solution

of acetic acid weighing 20 g. The two substances react,
releasing carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. After reaction,
the contents of the reaction vessel weighs 29.3 g. What is
the mass of carbon dioxide given off during the reaction?

Conservation of mass - exercise

[2] Some iron wire weighing 5.6 g is placed in a beaker and

covered with 15 g of dilute hydrochloric acid. The acid reacts
with the metal and gives off hydrogen gas, which escapes into
the surrounding air. After reaction, the contents of the beaker
weighs 20.4 g. What is the mass of hydrogen gas produced by
the reaction?

1.4 Matter: physical state & chemical constitution

10

Solids, liquids, gases exercise

[1] Give the normal state (solid, liquid, or gas) of
each of the following.

[a]
[b]
[c]
[d]

sodium hydrogen carbonate

isopropyl alcohol
oxygen
copper

11

Solids, liquids, gases exercise

[2] Give the normal state (solid, liquid, or gas) of

each of the following.
[a]
[b]
[c]
[d]

potassium hydrogen tartrate

lead
diamond
bromine
12

Physical changes:

Chemical changes

is a change in the form of matter but

not in its chemical identity

is a change in which
one or more kinds of
matter are transformed
into a new kind of
matter

Example: distillation

Burning

Physical property

Chemical property

Is a characteristics that can be

observed for a material without
changing its chemical identity 13

Is a characteristics of
a material involving its
chemical change

Example: colour, melting point, boiling

Example: iron reacts

Chemical & physical changes - exercise

[1] Which of the following are physical changes and which
are chemical changes?
[a] melting of sodium chloride
[b] pulverizing of rock salt
[c] burning of sulfur
[d] dissolving of salt in water
[e] dissolving of sugar in water
[f] rusting of iron
[g] burning of wood
[h] evaporation of alcohol
14

Element

That cannot be decomposed by any chemical reaction

into simpler substance
Example: Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen

Compound

A substance composed of two or more elements

chemically combined
Example: H2O, CO2

Mixture

A material that can be separated by physical means

into two or more substances
Example: Saltwater

Heterogeneous A mixture that consists of physically distinct parts, each with

Mixture
different properties.
Example: Oil and vinegar
Homogenous
Mixture

A mixture that is uniform in its properties; also called a solution

Example: air, saltwater
15

16

Solution, substance, mixtures-exercise

[1] Label each of the following as a substance, a
heterogeneous mixture or solution.
[a] seawater
[b] sulfur
[c] fluorine
[d] beach sand
[e] milk
[f] bromine
[g]gasoline
[h] aluminum
17

1.5 Measurement and significant figures

Measurement

significant figures

The comparison of a physical

Are those digits in a measured
quantity with a fixed standard of number
measurementa unit.

Example: Centimeter
Kilogram

If this digit is 5 or greater:

Add 1 to the last digit to be
retained

If this digit is less than 5:

Drop all digits farther to
the right
18

1.6 SI units
SI units: An international system of units made up of
a particular choice of metric units.

19

20

SI units -exercise
[1] Write the following measurements, without
scientific notation, using the appropriate SI prefix.

[a] 5.89x 10-12 s

[b] 0.2010 m
[c] 2.560 x 10-9 g
[d] 6.05 x 103 m
[e] 4.851 x 10-6 g
[f] 3.16 x 10-2 m
[g] 2.591 x 10-9 s
[h] 8.93 x10-12 g
21

22

 Finding Kelvin temperature from Celsius temperature.

1K
tK tC
273.15 K
1C

Finding Fahrenheit temperature from Celsius temperature.

9F
tF tC

5C

32 F

23

Temperature conversion exercise

Convert:
a. 68F to degrees Celsius
b. -23F to degrees Celsius

c. 26C to degrees Fahrenheit

d. -70C to degrees Fahrenheit

24

Temperature conversion exercise

Convert:
e. 51F to degrees Celsius
f. -7F to degrees Celsius

g. -41C to degrees Fahrenheit

h. 22C to degrees Fahrenheit

25

1.7 derived units

Derived units: Combinations of fundamental units.

Volume length width height m

For example:

distance m
Speed

time
s
26

Quantity
Area
Volume
Density
Speed
Acceleration

Definition of Quantity
length length
length length length
mass per unit volume
distance per unit time
change in speed per unit
time
27

SI Unit
m2
m3
kg/m3
m/s
m/s2

Density

Mass per unit volume;

d

Common units
solids

g/cm3

liquids
gases

g/mL
g/L

28

Density - exercise
[1] Platinum has a density of 21.4 g/cm3. What is the mass of
5.9 cm3 of this metal?

[2] What is the mass of a 43.8mL sample of gasoline, which

has a density of 0.70 g/cm3?

[3] Ethanol has a density of 0.789 g/cm3. What volume must be

poured into a graduated cylinder to give 19.8 g of alcohol?

29

Density - exercise
[4] Bromine has a density of 3.10 g/mL. A sample of bromine
weighing 88.5 g occupies what volume?

[5] A certain sample of the lead sulfide weighs 12.4 g and has
a volume of 1.64 cm3. What is the density of lead sulfide?

[6] A flask contains 25 mL of diethyl ether weighing 17.84 g.

What is the density of the ether?

30

1.8 units and dimensional analysis

Dimensional analysis: A method of calculations in which

one carries along the units for quantities.

Conversion factor: A factor equal to 1 that converts a

quantity expressed in one unit to a quantity expressed in
another unit.

31

For example: volume in liters (L), a metric unit

that equals 103 cubic centimeters.

This problem requires converting a volume in cm 3 to

liters.

32

Checking outcomes
To explain the law of conservation of mass
To compare three common states
To describe the classifications of matter
To distinguish between chemical properties and physical
properties
To convert from one temperature scale to another
To calculate the density of a substance

Thank you
33