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I have an
important
conference at
hospital
tomorrow, so I
am rather
busy.
ADJECTIVE
PREPOSITION
ADVERB
PRONOUN
DETERMINER
NOUN
PRONOUN
so
CONJUNCTION
NOUN
ADVERB
am
VERB
rather
busy.
ADJECTIVE
preposition
adverb
conjunction
determiner
PARTS OF SPEECH
There are 8 different kinds of word in
English. They are called word classes
or part of speech.
noun
preposition
verb
adverb
adjective
interjection
pronoun
conjunction
determin
er
This coffee is
really good.
And it is
cheap!
NOTES
Some words can belong to different
classes depending on how they are
used in a sentence.
Look at the words in bold.
Can
EXERCISE
Andrew didnt go to the caf with the
other students. Rachel told him they
were going there, but he wanted to
finish his work. Andrew isnt very
sociable. He stays in his room and
concentrates totally on his studies.
Hes an excellent student, but he
doesnt have much fun.
EXERCISE
the
told
verb
in
preposition
they pronoun
and
conjunction
there adverb
totally
adverb
an
determiner
he
pronoun
finish verb
excellentadjective
but
conjunction
fun
noun
NOUNS
There are two basic types of nouns in
English:
Proper nouns are the names of specific
individuals, places, and things.
Common nouns are the names of classes
of persons, places, and things.
Barrack Obama ; America ; Microsoft Corporation
man ; country ; company
COMMON NOUN
Florence
Nightingale
Bethesda
Mississippi
Atlanta
The Jakarta Post
Fast n Furious
Ambarukma Plaza
nurse
hospital
river
city
newspaper
movie title
mall
EXERCISE
The following pairs of nouns contain one uncapitalized
proper noun and a related common noun. Put the two
nouns in the correct columns as in the list above and
capitalize the proper noun.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
hamlet ; play
neighborhood ; klitren
car ; ford
ocean ; atlantic
everest ; mountain
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
COUNT NOUNS
Most count nouns in English form their
plural by adding a sibilant sound
writtenaas
s.
hospital
some hospitals
one stethoscopefour stethoscopes
an ambulance 40 ambulances
a scalpel
many scalpels
one finger
three fingers
a tablet
some tablets
the surgeon
several surgeons
COUNT NOUNS
However, some words add es, ies in
the plural form.
Do you know the rules?
race
bay
sky
clock
subway
wish
dish
try
cottage
clash
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
phone
duty
patch
lady
allowance
sheet
box
story
rose
key
Plurals formed
this way are
called regular
plurals.
Some nouns
form their plural
in other ways.
They are called
irregular
foot
goose
louse
man
woman
mouse
tooth
PLURAL
feet **
geese
lice
men
women
mice
teeth
** NOTES
In addition to the usual
plural form of feet, the noun
foot has a second plural
form foot when we use the
word to refer to length or
measurement.
He is six foot three inches
tall.
ox
child
PLURAL
oxen
children
half
knife
leaf
PLURAL
halves
knives
leaves
life?
loaf?
self?
thief?
wolf?
PLURAL
a cod
a deer
a fish
a sheep
a shrimp
a trout
two cod
two deer
two fish
two sheep
two shrimp
two trout
NONCOUNT NOUNS
The types of noncount nouns that you are most likely
to encounter fall into the semantic categories listed
below.
NONCOUNT NOUNS
Many noncount nouns can be used as count nouns
with a predictable shift in meaning to something like
different kinds of.
NONCOUNT NOUNS
Some words can serve as either a noncount noun or
a count noun with a slightly different meaning.
EXERCISE
Some plurals are correctly used, many plurals are
incorrectly used. Analyze them!
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
Virtually all language have some ways of indicating
that a noun is the owner or possessor of another
noun. For example, in the phrase Johns book, John
is said to own or possess the book.
Can you tell me the difference between these words?
book ; books ; books ; books
friend ; friends ; friends ; friends
man ; men ; mans; mens
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
A much better way to think of plural and possessive s
is given below. There are three types of -s endings:
PLURAL ONLY
POSSESSIVE ONLY
-s
Try these words!
SINGULAR
a)
b)
c)
wolf
spy
boy
PLURAL ONLY
PLURAL POSSESSIVE
-s
POSSESSIVE ONLY
-s
PLURAL POSSESSIVE
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
Try these words!
SINGULAR
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
dog
shelf
tree
lady
fox
PLURAL ONLY
POSSESSIVE ONLY
PLURAL POSSESSIVE
?
s
n
o
i
t
s
e
u
q
y
n
a
e
v
a
h
Do you