GRAMMAR REVIEW

SIMPLE PAST X PAST PROGRESSIVE

The most common use of thepast continuoustense is to

talk about something that was happening around a
particular time in the past.
What

were you doing at 8 oclock last night? I was watching

television.
In 1994 he was working in a small town in Poland.

We often use thepast

simpletense together.

continuousand

thepast

When I woke up this morning it was raining and my father was singing
in the kitchen.
I was walking home, when I saw two masked men run out of the bank.

Often,

the
action
described
by
thepast
simpletenseinterruptsthe situation described by thepast
continuoustense.
I broke my leg when I was skiing.
I was playing a computer game when the doorbell rang.

FORM

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

We use a reflexive pronoun:

as

a direct object when the object is the same as the subject of the
verb:
I am teaching myself to play the piano.
Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.

COULD, SHOULD, WOULD.

Use SHOULD And SHOULDNT For Advice

Ive had a really bad headache for the past week.

Thats not good you should go to the doctor.

Use COULD And COULDNT For Ability In The Past

Could and couldnt are the past forms of can and cant:

When I was younger, I could run a mile in 7 minutes. Now it takes me 20 minutes!

Use COULD For Possibilities In The Future

Do you have any ideas for our publicity campaign?

Yes, Ive got a few ideas. I could put advertisements on Facebook and
Google. We could also give out pamphlets in our neighborhood. Maybe
John could even contact local TV stations.

Use COULD To Make Polite Requests

Could you please open the window? Its hot in here.

COULD, SHOULD, WOULD.

Use WOULD To Talk About Unreal Or Unlikely Situations

If I were the president of my company, I would make a lot of changes.

Use WOULD YOU LIKE To Make Polite Offers

Would you like anything to drink?

Dont

use to after should, could, and would:

You shouldnt to smoke.

You shouldnt smoke.
We could to order pizza tonight.
We could order pizza tonight.
I would to buy a new car if I had the money.
I would buy a new car if I had the money.

COMPARATIVE AND
SUPERLATIVES

We usecomparative adjectivesto describe people and

things:
car is certainlybetterbut its muchmore expensive.
Im feelinghappiernow.
We need abiggergarden

This

We usethanwhen we want to compare one thing

withanother:
She

is two years olderthanme.

France is a bigger countrythanBritain.

When we want to describe how something or

someonechangeswe can usetwo comparatives
withand:
balloon gotbigger and bigger.
Everything is gettingmore and more expensive.
Grandfather is lookingolder and older.

The

COMPARATIVE AND
SUPERLATIVES

We often use the with comparative adjectives to show that

one thingdepends on another:
When

you drive faster it is more dangerous

>The faster you drive, the more dangerous it is.
When they climbed higher it got colder
>The higher they climbed, the colder it got.

Superlative adjectives:
We

usethewith a superlative:

It wasthe happiestdayof my life.

Thatsthe bestfilmI have seen this year.
I have three sisters, Jan isthe oldestand Angela isthe youngest.

PASSIVE VOICE PRESENT AND PAST SIMPLE.

The passive forms are made up of the verb be with a past participle:

We sometimes use the verb get to form the passive:

Be careful with the glass. It might get broken.

Peter got hurt in a crash.

If we want to show the person or thing doing the action we use by:

English is spoken all over the world

Lunch was being
served

She was attacked by a dangerous dog.

The money was stolen by her husband.

We can use the indirect object as the subject of a passive verb:

I gave him a book for his birthday >> We was given a book for his
birthday.

MUST, SHOULD, OR OUGHT TO?

We usemust

to talk about something that has to be done because its compulsory or obligatory (that
is, its absolutely necessary to obey a rule, law, order, or instruction), or because its very
important:
to express the view that something is highly likely because its a logical conclusion
based on something else that the speaker knows, or its the normal thing to expect
to say to someone that you strongly recommend or advise something because its a good
idea:

We useought

to express the view that something is the right thing to do, because its morally correct,
polite, or someones duty:
to predict that something is fairly likely or expected, based on normal circumstances or
logic:
to offer or ask for advice or recommendations:

We use should

to talk about what we think is the right or correct thing to do, especially from the point
of view of duty or appropriateness:
to give or ask for advice or suggestions:

to predict that something will probably happen or is expected to be the case, based on
logic or a typical situation

TOO, ENOUGH AND NOT... ENOUGH

Toomeans more than what is needed.

Enoughmeans sufficient.

He istoo oldto play football with the kids.

Dave isintelligent enoughto do the write thing.

Enoughcomes after adjectives and adverbs and before nouns:

He isn'told enoughto watch this program.

We're not walkingquickly enough.
We haveenough money.
I have not gotenough moneyto buy this computer.

But Not money enough, or not intelligent enough.

Toocomes before adjectives and adverbs:

It'stoo hotto wear that coat.

I was drivingtoo fast.

Toomay also come before nouns when it is used with the expressionstoo
much (uncountable)andtoo many (countable).

QUANTIFIERS

We use quantifiers when we want to give someone information about the

number of something: how much or how many.
We use these quantifiers with both count and uncount nouns:

none of some plenty of

botheacheither (a) few

thousands of etc.

fewer

neither several a couple of

hundreds of

Some quantifiers can be used only with uncount nouns:

any enough less a lot of lots of more most no

heaps of a load of loads of tons of etc.

Some quantifiers can be used only with count nouns:

all

a little

(not) much

a bit of

And, particularly with abstract nouns such as time, money, trouble, etc:,
we often use:

a great deal of

a good deal of

FUTURE FORMS

We use thepresent simplefor somethingscheduledor arranged:

We can use thepresent continuousforplansor arrangements:

We havea lessonnext Monday.

Thetrain arrivesat6.30 in the morning.

Im playing footballtomorrow.
They are comingto see us tomorrow.

We usewillto talk about the future:

When we makepredictions:

To meanwantto orbe willing to:

I hopeyou will come to my party.

To make offers and promises:

It will bea nice day tomorrow.

I'll seeyou tomorrow.

To talk aboutoffersandpromises:

Tim will beat the meeting.

FUTURE FORMS

We use(be) going to:

To talk aboutplansandintentions:

When we canseethat something islikely to happen:

Be careful!You are going to fall.

Look at those black clouds. I thinkits going to rain.

We often use verbs likewould

like,plan,want,mean,hope,expectto talk about the
future:

Im going to driveto work today.

They are going to moveto Manchester.

What are you going to do next year?Id like to goto University.

We plan to goto France for our holidays.
Georgewants to buya new car.

We can use thefuture continuousinstead of the

present continuous or going tofor emphasis when we are
talking about plans, arrangements and intentions:

Theyll be comingto see us next week.

CONDITIONALS
Zero conditional
We use thezero conditionalto talk about things that are always true. The
present simple is used in both clauses.

If

you heat water, it boils.

When the sun goes down, it gets dark.

First conditional
We use thefirst conditionalwhen we talk about real and possible situations.
In first conditional sentences, the structure is usuallyif + present
simpleandwill + infinitive. Its not important which clause comes first.

Ill

go shopping on the way home if I have time.

If its a nice day tomorrow well go to the beach.

Second conditional
Thesecond conditionalis used to talk about unreal or impossible things.
The structure is usuallyif + past simpleandwould + infinitive. Its not
important which clause comes first.

If

I won a lot of money Id buy a big house in the country.

Where would you live if you could live anywhere in the world?

GERUNDS

A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund

form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the
subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Readinghelps you learn English.subject of sentence
Her favorite hobby isreading.complement of sentence
I enjoyreading.object of sentence

Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."

He enjoysnot working.
The best thing for your health isnot smoking.

Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether you use a gerund
or an infinitive.

Heenjoysswimming."Enjoy" requires a gerund.

Hewantsto swim."Want" requires an infinitive.

Gerunds can be modified with possessive forms. This makes it clearer who or
what is performing the action.

Ienjoyedtheir singing.They were singing.

SamresentedDebbie's cominglate to the dinner.Debbie came late to the dinner.
Wediscussedthe machine's beingbroken.The machine is broken.

MODAL VERBS
We usemodal verbsto show if webelieve something is certain,
probable or possible (or not). We also use modals to do things like
talking about ability, asking permission making requests and offers,
and so on.
can

could

may

might

shall

should

will

would

must

We usemodalsmay,might, andcouldwhen we arenot

sureabout the future:
I might stayat home tonight, orI might goto the cinema.
We could seeMary at the meeting. She sometimes goes.

We can useshouldif we think something islikely to happen:

We should behome in time for tea.
The game should beover by eight oclock.