Ship Design

.Prepared by Eng: Mahmoud Ibrahim Mahmoud

Edited by Dr. Samy A. Youssef

Grading and assessment

Tutorial Schedule
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Tutorial
Topic
Week Hrs
1
2
Ship Design Terminology
2
2
Basic design (General arrangement)
3
2
Introduction- to Maxsurf Program
4
2
Main ship Dimensions estimation-Sheet 1
5
2
Ship Hull Form Design
6
2
Line plan drawing-Sheet 2
7
2
Developing of a lines plan
8
2
Hydrostatic calculations-Sheet 3
9
2
Mid Term Exam
10
2
Hydrostatic calculation drawing-Sheet 4
11
2
Statical stability calculation-Sheet 5
12
2
Dynamic stability calculation- sheet 6
13
2
Maxsurf Program Assessment 1
14
2
Ship resistance calculation-Sheet 7
15
2
Ship powering calculation-Sheet 8
16
2
Final Maxsurf Program Assessment

Grading and assessment

WEEK #

POINTS

WRITTEN

30

30

12

20

10

1 - 15

10

16

40

ORAL

40

Study hard, please

.Vs

TERM
PAPER
10

Drawing views (1)

Since the ship is a 3-dimensional shape, data in x, y and z directions is
necessary to represent the ship hull.
The Three drawing views:
1. body plan (front View)
2. shear plan (side view)
3. half breadth plan (top view)

Drawing views (2)

1. Half-Breadth Plan
.Intersection of planes (waterlines) parallel to the baseline (keel)

Drawing views (3)

2. Shear Plan
.Intersection of planes (buttock lines) parallel to the centerline plane

Drawing views (4)

3. Body Plan
Intersection of planes to define section lineSectional lines show the true shape of the hull form .Forward sections from amidships : R.H.S- aft sections from amid ship : L.H.S.

Lines Plan

Drawing Views Terminology (1)

1. Waterlines:
Horizontal sections of the hull are called waterlines.
When the waterlines are projected and drawn into one view from above,
the result is called a waterline model.

Drawing Views Terminology (2)

2. Stations:
Evenly spaced vertical cross-section in transverse direction are called
stations (ordinates).
Usually the ship is divided into 20 ordinates, from the centre of the
rudder stock (ordinate 0) to the intersection of the waterline and the
mould side of the stem. (ordinate 20)

Drawing Views Terminology (3)

3. Verticals / Bow and Buttocks:
Lengthwise section are called verticals or bow and buttocks lines.
These longitudinal sections are parallel to the plane of symmetry of the
ship.

Principal Dimensions of a ship (1)

Forward Perpendicular (Fpp or Fp):
This is the line crosses the intersection of the water line and the front of
the stem.
Aft Perpendicular (App or Ap):
This line usually aligns the centre line of the rudder stock. This is the
imaginary line around which the rudder rotates.

Principal Dimensions of a ship (2)

1. Length over all (LOA):
It is the overall length of the vessel, i.e the horizontal distance over the
extremities from stem to stern.
2. Length between perpendicular (LPP):
It is the horizontal distance between the FP and AP:
3. Length waterline (LWL):
Horizontal distance between the fore and aft when the ship is loaded at
the summer mark, less the shell.
4. Breadth over all (BOA):
The maximum breadth of the ship as measured from the outer hull on
the starboard to the outer hull on port side, including rubbing bars,
permanent fenders.

Principal Dimensions of a ship (3)

5. Breadth or beam (BMLD):
The greatest moulded breadth, measured from side to side at the
outside of the frames, but inside the shell.
6. Depth (D):
The vertical distance between the base line and the upper continuous
deck and is measured at the half Lpp at the side of the ship.
7. Draft Forward (TFWD):
Vertical distance between the waterline and the underside of the keel, as
measured at the forward perpendicular.
8. Draft at the stern (TAF):
Vertical distance between the waterline and the underside of the keel, as
measured at the after perpendicular.

Principal Dimensions of a ship (4)

9. Freeboard:
The distance between the waterline and the top of the deck at the side (at the
deck line). The term summer freeboard means the distance from the top of
the summer loadline and the upper edge of the deck line.

Principal Dimensions of a ship (5)

10. Enclosed spaces
enclosed spaces are used for installing some machinery or for storing
machine parts or workshop equipment
Enclosed space means a space which has any of the following
characteristics:
1. limited openings for entry and exit
2. inadequate ventilation and is not designed for continuous worker occupancy
Ex: cargo spaces, double bottoms, fuel tanks, ballast tanks, cargo pumprooms, cargo compressor rooms, cofferdams and chain lockers

Principal Dimensions of a ship (4)

General Arrangement (1)

General Arrangement Plan
represents the division and arrangement of the ship
side view
plan views of the most important decks
cross-sections

The views and sections display:

division into compartments (tanks, engine room, holds)

location of bulkheads
location and arrangement of superstructure
parts of the equipment (winches, loading gear, bow thruster, life boats)

General Arrangement (2)

Basic data included in the General arrangement plan:

Dimensions
Volumes of the holds
Tonnage
Deadweight
Engine power
Speed
Class

General Arrangement (3)

General arrangements of different ship types :
1. Bulk carrier type

General Arrangement (4)

2. passenger ship

General Arrangement (5)

3. Cargo ship

General Arrangement (6)

4. Fishing vessel

Positions of ships (1)

1. List:
. The angle of list is the degree to which a vessel heels to either port or
starboard.
. A list is a "permanent" inclination of a ship, caused by internal force like cargo or
ballast shifting
2. Heel
. A heel is a "temporary" inclination of a ship, caused by outside forces such as
winds, waves, or during a ship's turn.

Positions of ships (2)

2. Trim:
The difference between the draft at the stern and the draft at the stem
.i.e: the trim fore (tF) + the trim aft (tA)
On an even keel, in proper trim:
.The draft of the stern equals the draft of the stem

Positions of ships (2)

Trim by stern TA more than TF

Volumes and weights (1)

Register ton (RT):

To determine the size of a ship the RT is used.
It is based on volume where one register ton equals 100 cubic feet or 2.83 m 3.

Volumes and weights (2)

Gross Register Tonnage:
The Gross Register Tonnage (GRT or GT) usually called Gross Tonnage, is
calculated using a formula that takes into account the ships volume in
cubic meters below the main deck and the enclosed spaces above the
.main deck
Net Register Tonnage:
The Net Register Tonnage is also a non-dimensional number that describes
the volume of the cargo space. The NT is derived from the GT by
:subtracting the volume of space occupied by
Crew
* Navigation equipment
*
The propulsion equipment
*work stations
*
Ballast
*

Volumes and weights (3)

Volume of Displacement V m3:
The displacement is the volume of the part of the ship below the waterline
.including the shell plating, propeller and rudder
Displacement () ton:
The displacement is the weight of the volume of water displaced by the
.ship

Volumes and weights (4)

Lightship weight (ton):
This is the weight of the ship including the regular inventory but without
any cargo, fuel or crew. The regular inventory includes: anchors. Life.saving equipment, lubricating oil, paint
Deadweight (ton):
This is the weight of the a ship can take on until the maximal allowable
.immersion is reached. This is a fixed value, unique to each ship

Volumes and weights (5)

Cargo Capacity (t):
.This is the total weight of cargo a ship is designed to carry at a given time

Hull Form Coefficients (1)

Line coefficients define the characteristics of the vessels shape at
and below the waterline.
1. Block Coefficient, Coefficient of fineness (CB):

Hull Form Coefficients (2)

2. Waterline coefficient (CW):

Hull Form Coefficients (3)

3. Mid ship Section Coefficient (CM):

Hull Form Coefficients (4)

4. Prismatic Coefficient (CP):

Ship Stability (1)

STATIC STABILITY: It is defined as the ability of a ship to regain its upright equilibrium position,
after the removal of external factor which caused the vessel to heel at an
angle.
It gives the stability information of a vessel under the condition that the
outside water is static.
It is expressed in terms of metacentric height. i.e. GM ( for angle of heel up
to 10 degree) and righting lever GZ ( for angle of heel above 10 degree)
Its unit is meter
Static stability at two different angle of heel can be the same.

Ship Stability (1)

There are a number of variables important to stability, The location of
these variables is dependent upon:
The distribution of upward force (buoyancy) on the submerged part of
the hull.
The distribution of weight on the ship
These variables are:
Explanation

Term

Abbreviation

Mass or center of gravity of ship, cargo and added cargo

Centre of gravity

G or COG

Mean mass of spaces

Centre of gravity

g or COg

Volumetric centre of the submerged part of the hull

Centre of buoyancy

B or COB

lies at the intersection of the vector of buoyancy and the

centerline.

Metacenter

Keel

Keel

Geometrical centre of the water plane area or tipping center

Centre of flotation

COF or C.F

STABILITY REFERENCE POINTS

Metacenter (M)
As the ship is inclined through small angles of heel, the lines of buoyant
force intersect at a point called the metacenter.
With a heeling angle up to about (7-10).It is assumed the point M lies at
the intersection of the vector of buoyancy and the centerline.
With larger lists, point M is defined as follows: The intersection of 2
successive lines of buoyancy with a very small increase of angle of
inclination. M is then found outside the vertical plane of symmetry.

Location of Metacenter M
Small angles: (7-10)

Large angles:

Ship Stability (5)

For calculation purposes, we can not work with M outside the vertical plane
of symmetry. Thus, a false metacenter, N is used for the calculation the
intersection
Point N is on the centerline at the intersection of the buoyancy load line and
the centerline.

Ship Stability (6)

RIGHTING LEVER (GZ)

Righting lever (GZ) is defined as the horizontal distance, measured in
meters, between the center of gravity (G) and the vertical line of action of
the buoyancy force (Bf) acting through the center of buoyancy (B1) when
the ship is heeled.

RIGHTING LEVER (GZ)

Ship Stability (8)

The righting levers for specified angles of heel are represented on a
Curve of Statical Stability, commonly known as a GZ Curve as shown.
AVS (Angle of vanishing stability)
The danger angle (angle at
deck edge immersion occurs or
when the curve direction is changed
on the GZ-curve) is 20
Angle of maximum righting
lever is 40

Ship Stability (9)

Angle of loll
When the vessel goes to neutral equilibrium (GM=0), the angle of heel at
which it happens is called angle of loll
GZ
RANGE OF STABILITY 10 --- 65
LOLL 10
MAX GZ 3.8m at 36 VANISHING 65
MAX4.0
GZ AT 36

UNSTABLE SHIP VE

CURVE

GZ
2
>

LOLL
1

0
90
80
70

LOLL
1
10

2-

60

50

40

30

20
83

36

RANGE OF UNSTABILITY 0
--- 10

10

GZ

Cross curves of stability (KN

curves)

Cross curves of stability (KN curves) are provided by the shipbuilder to

allow GZ values to be determined for any value of displacement and KG.
Alternatively, KN values may be tabulated.
It is usual that KN values are given for angles of heel at 10 or 15
intervals

Ship Stability (10)

DYNAMIC STABILITY:
It is defined as the energy required heeling the ship from upright equilibrium
till the angle of heel in question.
It gives the stability information of a vessel considering dynamic behavior of
the sea.
It is expressed in terms of the area under righting moment curve. ( or GZ
curve multiplied by displacement of the ship in tons).
The of the area under righting moment curve called righting energy.
Its unit is ton.meter.radian
The dynamic stability at two different angle of heel cannot be the same

Ship Stability (11)

Thanks!

Questions !!