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Statistical Physics
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
Historical Overview
Maxwell Velocity Distribution
Equipartition Theorem
Maxwell Speed Distribution
Classical and Quantum Statistics
Fermi-Dirac Statistics
Bose-Einstein Statistics
Ludwig Boltzmann, who spent much of his life studying statistical
mechanics, died in 1906 by his own hand. Paul Ehrenfest, carrying on
his work, died similarly in 1933. Now it is our turn to study statistical
mechanics. Perhaps it will be wise to approach the subject cautiously.
- David L. Goldstein (States of Matter, Mineola, New York: Dover, 1985)
Historical Overview
Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford)
Put forward the idea of heat as merely the motion of individual
particles in a substance.
James Prescott Joule
Demonstrated the mechanical equivalence of heat.
James Clark Maxwell
Brought the mathematical theories of probability and statistics to
bear on the physical thermodynamics problems.
Showed that distributions of an ideal gas can be used to derive the
observed macroscopic phenomena.
His electromagnetic theory succeeded to the statistical view of
thermodynamics.
Historical Overview
Einstein
Published a theory of Brownian motion, a theory that supported
the view that atoms are real.
Bohr
Developed atomic and quantum theory.
then
at
Equipartition Theorem:
In equilibrium a mean energy of kT per molecule is associated
with each independent quadratic term in the molecules
momentum square and position square.
Each independent phase space coordinate:
degree of freedom
Equipartition Theorem
Equipartition Theorem
Example of H2
Where
v in proportion to
Classical Distributions
where
Classical Distributions
Quantum Distributions
State 2
AB
A
A
AB
Quantum Distributions
XX
X
X
XX
Because some particles do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle, two
kinds of quantum distributions are needed.
Fermions:
Bosons:
Particles with zero or integer spins do not obey the Pauli principle.
Quantum Distributions
Fermi-Dirac distribution:
where
Bose-Einstein distribution:
Where
Quantum Distributions
In the limit as T 0,
Fermi-Dirac Statistics
T=0
T>0
T = TF
T >> TF
Thus:
E=p2/2m = h2k2/8m
Rewrite as a function of E:
dNr/dE=
At T = 0,
In general,
Where is a constant > 1.
Heat capacity is
We should use
Drude thought that the mean free path could be no more than
several tenths of a nanometer, but it was longer than his
estimation.
The conductivity is
Bose-Einstein Statistics
Where 1/8 comes from the restriction to positive values of ni and 2 comes
from the fact that there are two possible photon polarizations.
Energy is proportional to r,
Bose-Einstein Statistics
Liquid Helium
Liquid Helium
Liquid Helium
Liquid Helium
Liquid helium below the lambda point is part superfluid and part
normal.
As the temperature approaches absolute zero, the superfluid
approaches 100% superfluid.
E=p2/2m = h2k2/8m
Liquid Helium
For Helium:
Liquid Helium
+ N(E=0)
+ N(E=0)
Substituting u = E / kT,
+ N(E=0)
Liquid Helium
Rearrange this,
First, they used laser cooling to cool their gas of 87Rb atoms to
about 1 mK. Then they used a magnetic trap to cool the gas to
about 20 nK. In their magnetic trap they drove away atoms with
higher speeds and further from the center. What remained was an
extremely cold, dense cloud at about 170 nK.