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Waves
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is the
basis of all modern
electrical devices tape
recorders, microphones,
loud speakers,
computers, electric
motors to
electromagnetic cranes.
ELECTROMAGNET
Piece
of metal that
becomes
magnetic when an
electric current is
passed through it.
Electromagnetic
Waves
Is an invisible Transverse
Wave that do not require
matter or medium to
transfer energy. Can
travel through a vacuum.
Electric Field
A region around a
charged particle or object
within a force would be
exerted on other charged
particle or object.
Magnetic Field
A region around a
magnetic material
within the force of
magnetism act.
Nature of EM
Waves
EM waves carry
radiant energy.
Energy
possessed by
vibrating
particles.
Speed of EM
waves
EM waves
changes its
speed when it
travel through
different
medium.
Usually travel
slowest in
solids and
Material
Speed
(km/s)
Vacuum
300,000
Air
<300,000
Water
226,000
Glass
200,000
Diamond
124,000
Properties of EM
waves
1. Amplitude - It is the
maximum displacement
of particles from the
mean position.
3. Wavelength
()-the distance
between crest to
crest and trough to
trough.
Frequency is
inversely
proportional to the
Wavelength.
As the Frequency
increases, the
Wavelength
decreases.
(vice versa)
High Frequency
waves carry high
energy.
(vice versa)
Tsunami
FM radio
signal
AM radio
signal
Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Different frequencies
and wavelengths of
the whole range of EM
wave is called the
electromagnetic
spectrum.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
Radio Waves
Micro Waves
Infrared
Visible Light
Ultraviolet Rays
X Rays
Gamma Rays
As the Frequency
increases, the
Wavelength
decreases.
(vice versa)
Radio Waves
Discovered by Heinrich Hertz in
1887.
Longest EM waves with
wavelengths ranging from 10-1m to
104m
Have the lowest frequencies
among all EM waves. (up to 1 GHz)
Microwaves
Discovered by James
Clerk Maxwell in 1854.
EM with wavelengths
from 10-4m to 10-1m with
frequencies that extend
from 300GHz to 1 GHz.
Infrared Waves
Means
below red.
Discovered by Sir Frederick
William Herschel in 1800.
Infrared radiation is emitted
by any object that has a
temperature.
Skin is a good
absorber/detector of
infrared.
The hotter the object is,
the more infrared it emits.
WAVELENGT
SPECTRAL
H RANGE
REGION
(micrometer)
NearInfrared
MidInfrared
FarInfrared
TEMPERATUR
E RANGE
(degrees
Celcius)
Applications
0.7 to 5
5 to 40
Planets, comets
and asteroids
Dust warmed by
starlight
Protoplanetary
disks
25 to 350
-180 to 460
Emission from
cold dust
Central regions of
-260 to 130
galaxies
Visible Light
Discovered
by Sir Isaac
Newton in 17th century.
Wavelengths ranging from
400nm to 700nm.
Region of the electromagnetic
spectrum consists of light
humans can see.
Violet Light
Has a wavelength of
about 400nm.
Indigo Light
Has a wavelength of
about 445nm.
Blue Light
Has
Green Light
The
Yellow Light
570nm
Orange Light
The
Red Light
Has a wavelength of
about 650nm.
At sunrise and sunset,
the light you see has
travelled a longer
distance through the
Ultraviolet Waves
Discovered by Johann
Ritter in 1801.
EM waves with lower
wavelength than VL which
can get light that are
invisible.
Fluorescent
objects emit
visible light after
absorbing UV or X rays.
Has high frequency and
have enough energy to
enter skin cells.
Main source - Sun
Divisions of UV rays:
1. UVA
Has long wavelength and low frequency.
Useful in detecting counterfeit money
and documents.
In forensics, use in finding
traces/evidences which are not visible to
ordinary light.
Can cause skin aging and wrinkling.
2. UVB
Helps with the
production of Vitamin D.
Can cause sunburn and
skin cancer.
2. UVC
Totally filtered by the
Earths atmosphere.
Used in hospitals to
sterilize equipment and
kill harmful bacteria.
Ozone Layer
20-50
km
above the
Earths surface
Acts as an
umbrella that
protects and
absorbs Suns
harmful UV rays
X Rays
Discovered
by German
scientist Wilhelm Roentgen
1895
Have enough energy that go
through skin & muscle.
High level exposure causes
cancer.
Gamma Rays
Discovered
by Paul Villard
1900
Ernest Rutherford named
this radiation as Gamma
rays. 1903
Carries the Highest energy
that can travel through
several centimeters of lead.
Naturally
radiation,
infrared radiation,
radiofrequency and
microwave fields.
Has energies too weak to
break atomic bonds.
Type
of
Wave
Radio
Wave
s
Micro
wave
s
Uses
Effects
Telecommunicati Migraine
ons
Headach
Broadcasting
e
Radar
Internal
Cooking
heating
of body
tissues
Burning
Skin
damage
Skin
cancer
Blindness
Skin
aging
X-ray
Radiography
Gamm Sterilization of
a
med.
rays
instruments
Diagnose and
treatment of
diseases such
Damage
of the
nervous
system
and cells
Can kill
healthy
cells