Midterm 3 Review

Format of the Exam

Exam Location:
NCB 101: Abbas Lee (Last Names)
NS 145: Lenjosek- Zuvic (Last Names)

Time 7:00-8:00
50 Questions
9 Image questions
9 passages with 1-3 questions per passage
20 Questions on other aspects of Roman
Sport and Spectacle

Philip II and Alexander II: Sport and the

Greek Empire

Macedonian Kings at Olympia:

Alexander I (5th century) participated in Stadion,

by proving descent from Argos
King Archelaus- Olympic chariot victory ca. 408
BCE
Philip II: Keles at Olympia 356 BCE; Tethrippon in
352, 348 BCE
Philip commemorated Olympic victory through
coinage.

Philippeion at Olympia, 337-335 BCE

symbol of Philip II uniting Greece, hero
worship (beside Pelopeion)
Alexander II = Alexander the Great
Passages: Plutarch, Life of Alexander:
Alexander against competition in athletics. Why?
Alexanders private funeral games for Achilles in
Troy

Philippeion

Philip II and Alexander II: Sport

and the Greek Empire

Alexander IIs deification: Oracle of Amun-Zeus

proclaims him Son of Zeus!; Olympic festival of
324 BCE: Alexander worshipped as a god (while still
living).
Athletics in the Hellenistic Era, after the death of
Alexander

Iso-Games = Games equivalent to Sacred Crown

Games performed throughout Hellenistic Empires
Gymnasium Class Establishing elite Greek social
identity through gym membership
Ephebic Training: Training youths as a means of Greek
socialization within the Empires of Egypt, Persia, etc.

Ptolemies in Egypt: Iso-Olympic Ptolimeia festival;

Ptolemy II and Sister/Queen Berenice Olympic
chariot victors (Like Kyniska)
Images: Commemorative coins for Philip II,
Philippeion, Painting for Tomb of Philip II; Coin of
Alexander as Heracles

Sport in Early Rome

Greek influence on Etruscan Sport:

Image: Francois Vase (Funeral of Patroclus)
Found in tomb in Chiusi (Etruria), 570/560 BCE

Image: Etruscan Tombs: Tomb of the Augurs; Tomb of the Monkey.

Image: Perizoma Group (Images) : Perizomas (Loincloths) painted
onto nudes in Greek vases exported to Etruria.

Early Roman contexts of Sport: Feriae = Religious Festivals;

Ludi= Games (Chariot Races)
Passage: Livy, History of Rome: Triumph of Tarquinius
Circus Maximus and Ludi Romani/Great Ludi; Ovid- Procession
of Gods at Circus
Circus Maximus: named Circus Maximus b/c of location near
the Ara Maxima (Great Altar)
Chariot Racing: Privately owned Factions (teams); divided by
color: Red, White, Green, and Blue Teams.
Differences between Greek and Roman chariot Races:
Charioteers (aurigae) earned the victory; Roman reigns
wrapped around body; Romans carried a knife (falx) to cut
themselves free; Romans had helmet and protective gear.
Terms for Circus Maximus: Spina (center aisle); Carceres
(Starting Gates); Hortator- faction member who scouts the
way ahead.

Triumphs
Triumphator- details: toga picta,
imperium, fasces
Myth and History of Roman TriumphsFasti Triumphales
Qualifications (5 requirements)
Cicero Passage- Captives and Spectacles
of Conquest
Path of Roman Triumph

Early Rome: Beast Hunts

Venatio/Vanationes
First venatio at Rome: 186 BCE by Nobilior. Hunt for
Asian beasts, lions and panthers.
By 169 BCE beast shows had become part of official
circus games.
Animals as Executioners: 167 BCE Aemilius Paullus
first used elephants to trample non-Roman deserters.
146 BCE Scipio Aemilianus threw non-Roman
deserters and runaway slaves to wild beasts in shows
at Rome.

Early Rome: Gladiators

Origin of term Gladiator- from gladiusspanish sword
Earlier Theories of Origin of Gladiator Combat
Games of Phersu from Tomb of the Augurs (know
the image)
Gladiators and Human Sacrifice: Passage- Tertulian

Romans encounter Campanian Gladiatorial

Combat in 308 BCE (after defeat of Samnites)
Passage by Roman Historian Livy on Roman
reaction to Campanian Gladiators

Early Rome: Gladiators

Original Roman Gladiator Combats:
Munus/ munera (Plural)- Show and Obligation to
the dead.
First recorded Roman gladiatorial fight in 264 BCE
Ideology of Slave Warriors- Battle of Cannae,
216 BCE (Passage- Livy)
Recorded number of Gladiators:
216 BCE- 22 pairs
200 BCE 25 pairs
183 BCE- 60 pairs

Roman Spectacle: Late

Republic

Sullas spectacles:

93 BCE-Beast Hunt with 100 maned Lions;

82 BCE- Public execution of Samnites;
82 BCE: Ludi Victoriae Sullae (Coin: Image- Sullas
pronounced felix, fortunate); [correction from Slidenot 81 BCE]
80 BCE-Sullas Olympics held in Rome (except for
stadion, which still took place in Olympia)

Pompeys Spectacles:
61 BCE Pompeys Triumphal Procession
55 BCE Pompeys Theater- first stone theater in Rome
Pompeys Beast Hunts (including Elephants)
Passages for the pity for Elephants.(Cicero passage and
Pliny)

Spartacus
Slave Rebellion of Spartacus- began in 73 BCE in
Capua
Rebellion ended at Battle of Senerchia in 71 BCE6,000 members of Spartacus army were crucified.
Passage: Plutarch, Life of Crassus: Spartacus was
more Hellenic than Thracian
Later Popularity:
Image Saurin Sculpture (1830 CE)
Passage: Karl Marx The most capital fellow in the
whole history of antiquity.
Passage: 1951 CE Howard Fasts novel, Spartacus,
portrays Spartacus as a communist revolutionary.
1960 Stanley Kubriks Spartacus
Spartacus Series, 2010-2013

Julius Caesar
First Triumvirate: Agreement between Caesar,
Pompey and Crassus
49 BCE Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon
Caesars Spectacles:
Innovation: Munera no longer as funerary rite (65
BCE Caesar has munera for his father who died 20
years earlier)
46 BCE, Caesars triumphal 4 Triumphs in 1 month
First stadium built in Campus Martius for Greek events
First staged naval battle (Naumachia) between Prisoners of
War (mass execution)

44 BCE- Caesar assassinated by Senators

Athletics in the Age of

Augustus

Image: Augustus of Prima Porta

2nd Triumvirate: Mark Antony, Ocatvian, Lepidus.
31 BCE battle of Actium: Octavians victory over
Mark Antony
Image: Statue of Cleopatra
27 BCE- Octavian gains titled Augustus
Passages: Suetonius, Divine AugustusImprovements to Spectacle- Seat order/social
stratification; gender divisions
Passages: Virgils Aeneid: BK. 5 Funeral Games
for Anchises; Boat Race; Trojan Games
Actual Trojan Games: Sulla first to hold Trojan
Games; Julius Caesar (Triumph of 46 BCE);
Augustus held Trojan Games regularly, but had to
cancel them (due to injury to aristocratic youths)

Athletics in the Age of

Augustus

Augustus centralized munera as Imperial

(private munera limited to 2 shows for
praetors while in office = limitation on
Praetors popularity)
Augustus forbade Gladiatorial Combats
Sine Missione
Augustus established Munera Legitima=
9am Matutina: Beast Shows
Noon, Meridiani = Public executions
Mid-afternoon = Gladiatorial Combat

Spectacle and the Roman

Empire
Passages: Juvenal Bread and Games; Fronto Bread
and Games
Passage: Suetonius, Caligula- section on abuse of
spectacle; section on Caligulas favorite horse- Incitatus
Passage: Suetonius, Nero Neros participation in
Olympic Games 65/67 CE- victor in chariot race.
Image: House of Nero at Olympia
Passage: Apollonaris Sidonius Violence of Circus
Games.
Charioteer: Scorpus; Passages- Martial epigrams
Charioteer: Gaius Apuleius Diocles -35,863,120 sestertii
(First Billion dollar athlete?)
Passage: Pliny the Younger, Cheering for ClothesTeam Fanatics

Gladiators, Arenas, and

Empire

Passage, Seneca (Stoic Philosopher, Tutor to

Nero)- criticism of violence of Roman Spectacle.
Passage: Martial, Spectacles 1 on Roman
Colosseum
Colosseum = Flavian Ampitheater
Land given back to people by Vespasian and Titus
from land of Neros palace Domus Aurea
Begun by Emperor Vespasian, dedicated by son
Emperor Titus in 80 CE.

Know the levels of Seating for the Colosseum

(names of levels and who they were for)
Hupogeum- underground tunnels, added by
Emperor Domitian
Gladiator Schools: Ludus Magnus, Dacius,
Matutinus, Gallicus
Image: Reconstruction of Ludus Magnus