After this presentation, participants shall be able to:

Define Menopause and its transitional stages.

Identify risk factors related to Menopause.

Enumerate its signs and symptoms.

Identify treatments and its management related to

nursing.

Menopause is the cessation

of a woman's reproductive
ability, the opposite of
menarche.
Menopause is diagnosed after 12
months of amenorrhea.

varies greatly from person to person.

menstrual periods are gradually becoming

more erratic

timing of the start of the flow usually

becomes more and more difficult to predict

duration of the flow may be considerably

shorter or longer than normal

heavier or lighter

Age
Surgery/ Operations
Diseases/ Disorders
Smoking
Racial/ ethnic factors
Twins

The transition usually has three parts:

Perimenopause
Menopause

Postmenopause

FSH (Follicle Stimulating

Hormone)z

Decreased
Progesterone & Menses

Ovaries
X Pregnancy
Develop Egg
cells
Progesterone
Luteinizing
Hormone
(LH) & FSH

Estrogen

Ovulation

Corpus Luteum

Post Ovulation

Ovaries becomes
unresponsive to the
FSH
FSH increase to
stimulate ovaries
Estrogen decrease as
fewer follicles mature
Irregular menstrual
period
Corpus Luteum is
produced in varying
amounts

Progesterone levels
fluctuate

Ovaries continuously becomes

unresponsive to the FSH
FSH and LH levels become persistently
elevated

Fewer and fewer follicles are recruited until

no follicles develop at all

sharp fall in estrogen

Amenorrhea

GENERAL

Hot flashes (aka hot flushes)

night sweats

cold flashes

increased risk of atherosclerosis

Migraine

Rapid heartbeat

Dysfunctional bleeding as part of menstruation.

Ovaries

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Vagina

Vulva

Breast fat

Bladder and urethra

Depression and/or anxiety

Fatigue

Irritability

Memory loss, and problems with

concentration

Mood disturbance

Sleep disturbances, poor or light sleep,

insomnia, and daytime sleepiness

 Osteoporosis
Heart

Diseases

Urinary

Incontinence

Weight

Gain

Sexual

function

An increase in serum follicle-stimulating

hormone (FSH) and decreases in estradiol
and inhibin.

FSH levels are higher than luteinizing

hormone (LH) levels, and both rise to even
higher values than those seen in the surge
during the menstrual cycle.

The FSH rise precedes the LH rise

No specific changes in thyroid functio

 Hormone Therapy

Vaginal Estrogen

Low-Dose Anti Depressant

Gabapentin (Neurontin)

Medication to prevent or treat

Osteoporesis

Complementary and alternative

medicine
Herbal

preparations

Acupuncture
Hypnosis
Yoga

Health Education

Encouraged regular exercise.

Encourage family members to give

emotional support to prevent depression.

Encouraged to take healthy and balance

diet.

Encourage to practice relaxation

techniques and get enough sleep.

Health Education

Instruct to get enough calcium, Vitamin

D or minerals and supplements if
recommended by the Doctor.

Instruct to quit smoking.

Instruct to wear light and comfortable

clothes.

The 2012 hormone therapy position statement of the North American

Menopause Society.Menopause.

Lobo R. Menopause and care of the mature woman. In: Lentz GM,
Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Katz VL, eds.Comprehensive
Gynecology.6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on

Gynecologic Practice. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 420, November
2008: hormone therapy and heart disease.Obstet Gynecol.

Let us all
remember.
Menopause
is a natural
biological
process.
It is not a
disease to be
treated.