Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Announcements
Midterm exam is on March 13 in class
Closed book, closed notes
You may bring one 8.5 by 11" note sheet
You do not have to write down model block
diagram or the synchronous machine
differential equations I'll supply those if
needed
P,
Q,V
5
q. Hz)
10
11
12
13
Time in Seconds
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Frequency
Contour
8
Governor Response:
Thermal Versus Hydro
Thermal units respond quickly, hydro ramps slowly (and goes down
initially), wind and solar usually do not respond. And many units are set
to not respond!
Normalized
output
Time in Seconds
10
Control of Generation
Overview
Generator Hunting
Control system hunting is
oscillation around an equilibrium
point
Trying to interconnect multiple
isochronous generators will cause
hunting because the frequency
setpoints of the two generators are
never exactly equal
One will be accumulating a frequency
error trying to speed up the system,
13
Bus 2
Bus 7
Bus 8
Bus 9
Bus 3
60
1.025 pu
1.026 pu
1.032 pu
1.025 pu
59.95
85 MW
-11 Mvar
59.9
Bus 5
0.996 pu
100 MW
Bus 6
59.85
1.013 pu
35 Mvar
59.8
125 MW
50 Mvar
Bus 4
1.026 pu
90 MW
30 Mvar
Bus1
1.040 pu
slack
72 MW
27 Mvar
Speed (Hz)
163 MW
7 Mvar
1.016 pu
59.75
59.7
59.65
59.6
59.55
59.5
59.45
59.4
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Time (Seconds)
f
g
Speed_Gen Bus 2 #1 f
Speed_Gen Bus 3 #1 f
14
Speed_Gen Bus1 #1
19
20
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Time (Seconds)
f
g
15
Droop Control
To allow power sharing between
generators the solution is to use what
is known as droop control, in which the
Risis known as the
desired set point frequency
1
regulation constant
pm pref f
dependent upon the Rgenerators
or droop; a typical
output
value is 4 or 5%.
At 60 Hz and a 5%
droop, each 0.1 Hz
change would
change the output
by 0.1/(60*0.05)=
3.33%
16
1
1
pm1 pm 2
f 0.85
190
180
170
160
59.95
59.9
59.85
59.8
140
59.75
130
120
59.7
Speed (Hz)
150
110
100
90
80
70
60
59.65
59.6
59.55
59.5
59.45
59.4
50
59.35
40
59.3
30
20
59.25
10
59.2
59.15
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Time (Seconds)
gf
17
18
19
20
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Time (Seconds)
Speed_Gen Bus 2 #1 f
Case is wscc_9bus_TGOV1
Speed_Gen Bus 3 #1 f
18
Speed_Gen Bus1 #1
19
20
Quick Interconnect
Calculation
Si , MVA
generator(s)
OnlineGens
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
59.99
59.98
59.97
59.96
59.95
59.94
59.93
59.92
59.91
59.9
59.89
59.88
59.87
59.86
59.85
59.84
59.83
59.82
59.81
59.8
59.79
59.78
59.77
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
10
f
g
Case is Bus37_TGOV1
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
20
18
19
20
Turbine Models
High-pressure
turbine shaft
dynamics
24
dPCH
PCH PSV
dt
Assume Tin = PCH and a rigid shaft with PCH = T M
TCH
TCH
d
s
dt
2H d
TM TELEC TFW
s dt
We are
assuming
=HP and
=HP
25
26
27
TGOV1 Model
Standard model that is close to this is
TGOV1
IEEEG1
A common stream turbine model, is
the IEEEG1, originally introduced in the
below 1973 paper
IEEE Committee Report, Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System
29 1973, pp
Studies, Transactions in Power Apparatus & Systems, volume 92, No. 6, Nov./Dec.
1904-15