O/C E/F Relay & Time Coordination: Basic Information

O/C E/F Relay & Time Coordination
Basic Information
O/C E/F Relay &

Time Coordination
Basic
Information

General Circuit Diagram
P1
200/1 Amp
150 Amp
P2
150 Amp
150 Amp
C71
S2
0.75 Amp S1
R Ph O/C (51R)
C11
E/F (51N)
0.75 Amp S1
C31
0.0 Amp
0.75 Amp S1
B Ph O/C (51B)
C51

R Ph CT
Core-3 Core-2 Core-1
Y Ph CT
B Ph CT
Yard MB Wiring
1S1R
1S2R
1S3R
1S1Y
1S2Y
1S3Y
1S1B
1S2B
1S3B
2S1R
2S2R
2S3R
2S1Y
2S2Y
2S3Y
2S1B
2S2B
2S3B
3S1R
3S2R
3S3R
3S1Y
3S2Y
3S3Y
3S1B
3S2B
3S3B
A11
A31
A51
A71
C11
C31
C51
C71
D71
D11
D31
D51

R Ph CT
Y Ph CT
B Ph CT
Yard MB Wiring
1S1R
1S2R
1S3R
1S1Y
1S2Y
1S3Y
1S1B
1S2B
1S3B
2S1R
2S2R
2S3R
2S1Y
2S2Y
2S3Y
2S1B
2S2B
2S3B
3S1R
3S2R
3S3R
3S1Y
3S2Y
3S3Y
3S1B
3S2B
3S3B
A11
A31
A51
A71
C11
C31
C51
C71
D71
D11
D31
D51

Terminal Diagram of MiComP141

Single Line to Ground Fault
200/1 Amp
P1
1500 Amp
P2
C71
S2
7.5 Amp
S1
R Ph O/C (51R)
C11
E/F (51N)
S1
C31
7.5 Amp
S1
B Ph O/C (51B)
C51

Electromagnetic Induction relays
50%
75%
100%
125%
150%
200%

Relay Operation Time - 1
E/F PSM 30% i.e. 0.3 Amp
E/F Relay Current 7.5 Amp
E/F Relay Current is 7.5/0.3 = 25 Times
its operating current
From Graph for 25 Times relay operating
current for TMS = 0.15 relay time of
operation would be @ 0.35 Sec
O/C PSM 100%
O/C Relay Current 7.5 Amp
It is 7.5 times relay operating current
From graph for 7.5 Times relay operating
current and for TMS = 0.1 time of
operation for the relay would be 0.35 Sec
( Zoom out Graph)

Actually our problem is to decide relay settings and not relay time of
operations as shown previously
Hence Unknowns are
Relay PSM
Relay TMS
Whereas known facts are
Relay placement and purpose of use
Relay current during fault ( i.e. CT secondary current during fault. )
Relay desired time of operation.
General Steps
1) Decide PSM
2) Find out fault current
3) Find out multiple of relay set current as per decided PSM in step-1
4) Find out time of operation for above multiple of current and TMS=1 using
relay characteristic curve
5) Decide relay time of operation as per protection needs
6) Find out TMS = Required Time of operation /Time of operation with TMS =1
10
Basic Information Selection of PSM

E/F PSM generally selected as 30% ( Other than 30% settings may also be selected but about this
discussed somewhere else in the presentation)
For O/C PSM is selection depends upon place and purpose of use for example
1.Transformer O/C protection
a) Transformer HV or LV side O/C relay PSM settings should be in commensuration with transformer
full load current and respective CT ratio such that PSM = T/F Full load current / CT ratio
( Generally expressed in %)
b) For example for a 25 MVA transformer HV side full load current is 109 A if HV CT ratio is 200/1
Amp then PSM =109/200 55% ( exact value 54.5%)
c) For old type numerical relay it was not possible to go as near as possible to value calculated from
above formula due to large steps available
d) Under such condition it is decision as per local condition to select higher or lower nearest PSM
e) In above example it is customary to select 50%, however due to this selection there is apparent
loss of about 10% capacity of the T/F
f) It is also possible to select 75% but load on transformer is to be monitored carefully ( and manually
)
2.For 220-132 kV feeder
Here generally it is customary to select relay PSM as pera) Line conductor allowable loading limit
b) CT primary normal current
c) Substations capacity/normal load feed by the line
d) Considering above facts it is very common to select 100% PSM for 132kV lines with CT ratio 400/1
Amp
e) For 220kV lines with CT ratio 800/1 amp and conductor 0.4 ACSR or 0.525 AAAC it is 100%
a)For 33-11kV feeder
a) As per local feeder condition, load pattern and needs ranging between 50% to 100%

Desired time of operation will depend upon
a) Equipment being protected
b) Time discrimination from down stream protection (150 ms 250 ms)
c) Time of operation of main protection etc.
For transformer LV side protection it is common to adopt 250 ms as

operating time.
This is so as to have 150 ms time discrimination from 100 ms relay
time of operation for lower (feeder) protection.
When relays are used as backup protection of 132kV lines its time
of operation shall be equal to Z-2 time of operation (300 350 ms).
Once these two things decided there remains only mathematical
part
11
12

Worked out Example
132 kV
25 MVA
33 kV
400/1 A
400/1 A
33kV Bus fault level

1Ph 170 MVA , 3Ph 210 MVA
Relay current during fault
1Ph 7.43 Amp, 3 Ph 9.18 Amp
Relay PSM
E/F 30%, O/C 100 %
Multiple of relay current
E/F 25, O/C 9.
Time of operation with TMS = 1
E/F 2.2 s, O/C 3.0 Sec
Desired time of operation
E/F 250 ms, O/C 250 ms
TMS
E/F 0.114, O/C 0.083
Roundup to
E/F 0.125, O/C 0.1

More Information
O/C E/F Relay &

Time Coordination
More
Information
13

Introduction
Fuse wire is simplest protection

Fusing ampere of copper wire of diameter d
expressed in Cm is given by the formula A =
2530*d3/2
Time taken by fuse to blow off depends up on
fusing amperes
14

Introduction
SWG
D in mm
D in Inch
Amp
Fusing
Amp
Fusing Amp by
Formula
40
0.122
0.0048
1.5
3.41
39
0.132
0.0052
2.5
3.84
38
0.152
0.006
4.74
37
0.173
0.0681
3.5
5.76
36
0.193
0.0076
4.5
6.78
35
0.213
0.0084
7.86
34
0.234
0.00921
5.5
9.06
33
0.254
0.01
10
10.24
32
0.274
0.0108
11
11.47
31
0.29464
0.0116
12
12.80
30
0.315
0.0124
8.5
13
14.14
29
0.345
0.0136
10
16
16.21
28
0.376
0.0148
12
18
18.45
27
0.416
0.0164
13
23
21.47
26
0.457
0.018
14
27
24.72
25
0.508
0.02
15
30
28.97
24
0.559
0.022
17
33
33.44
23
0.61
0.024
20
38
38.12
For a wire of length L carrying current I

and diameter d heat produced is
H = I2 R
H = I2 (L/A)
H = I2 ( L/(d2/4))
Heat dissipated = K (d)L ( i.e.
proportional to surface area where K
is constant of proportionality)
Temperature will be steady state if
heat generated is equal heat
dissipated or
I2 ( L/(d2/4)) = K (d)L
I2 ( 1/(d2/4)) = K d
I2 = K d3
I = K d 3/2
And by experiments for normal
ambient temperature value of K for
copper is determined as 2530 for d
expressed in Cm.
More
15

Protection of transformer by a fuse
For T/F with normal load of 100 Amp
Fuse
Current
200
430
1200
1800
2800
Fusing
Time
10000
5
0.4
0.2
0.1
Transformer
Safe
Safe
Operatio
Operation
Current n Time
Time With
as per
FOS 2.5
IEEE
200
1800
720
300
300
120
475
60
24
630
30
12
1130
10
4
2500
2
0.8
16

Simplest Protection Fuse
These
characteristic
graphs are
generally double
log graph
This is due to
including from very
small to very large
values on both axis
17

Simplest Protection - Fuse
Log scale graph are

use full tool where
range of values varies
very widely
This variation in range
is generally 10,000
times
It does not affect
overall accuracy of
selecting proper value
manually
18
General mathematical formula for time

characteristic of the relay as per IEC
Standards
K
Time Of Operation = ---------------------
( ( Is/Ib) -
19
20
General mathematical formula for time

characteristic of the relay shown on
previous slide, with parameter values for
different curves are shown here
Characteristic
Normal Inverse
0.02
0.14
Very Inverse
13.5
Extremely Inverse
80
Long Time Inverse
120

Use of log scale-1
21

Use of Log Scale-2
22

Use of Log Scale-3
23

Use of Log Scale-4
24

Transformer Protection Damage Curve
Damages to the equipment due to fault

current flowing through it are mainly due to
heating effect of the current ( I2Rt)
Hence fuse time characteristic initially
suited very well to the equipments in the
power system
This figure shows protection of transformer
with the help of relay and breaker
This also indicates how inverse
characteristic of O/C Relay is suitable to
protection of power system equipments
( More about Transformer Damage Curves)
( More about this figure )
25

Transformer Protection Damage Curve
Transformer damage curve as per

IEEE 57.109 for class III
transformers ( 5 MVA to 30 MVA )
26

Protection of Transformer by O/C Relay
Long Time
Inverse
Extremely Inverse
Normal Inverse
Trafo
Damage
Curve
27

End of More Information
After understanding basics of relay

characteristic curves and its selection
according to protection needs we will
turn to allied information about O/C E//F
relaying
This allied information will prove helpful
in overall understanding about
development of protective relays and its
use in power system
28

Basic Information
O/C E/F Relay &

Time Coordination
Allied
Information
29

Disadvantages of fuses
Though simple less accurate ( If Rewirable)
Because of previous heating effect

Ambient Temperature
In consistencies in material
Limitations for breaking capacities hence suitable for LV and to
some extent MV
HRC Fuses
More accurate
Higher rupturing capacities
Requires time for replacement
Suitable for LV and to some extent MV
30

Early Development of Protective Schemes
This simple device (Fuse) played a very

vital role during early development of
power systems
As the complexity of power system
increased other technique get introduced
like breaker, relay DC battery etc. (How?)
31

Early development of power system
History of power system protection dates back nearly to the start of development of power system
it self
In real sense power system started growing due to invention of incandescent lamp by Edison
during 1880
Edison was promoter of DC power system ( Why ? )
General Electric founded by him was main supplier of electricity in Newyork.
Washington first introduced AC system with the advancement in transformer during 1887
During 1890 charls introduced symmetrical component analysis which helped in analyzing 3 ph.
Power system and there by possible to design larger machines and power systems.
Modern day power system came into existence from 1890
One of the patent of fuse is in the name of Edison
Development of relays breakers and instrument transformers took place during 1890 to 1920 and
modern day protection system came into existence.
And during last century development of power system continuous to be there however main
principles of power system protection are 3S and 1R remained same.
Development of relays breakers and instrument transformers took place during 1890 to 1920 and
modern day protection system came into existence.
And during last century development of power system

continuous to be there however main principles of power
system protection are 3S and 1R remained same.
32

General Requirements of Protective Scheme
For any protective device following Functional

Characteristic are important.
Sensitive
Selectivity
Speed
Reliability
( Note:- 3 S & 1 R )
As a improvement over simple fuses (in above
areas) other protective devices get developed
with the advancement of power system
33

3S & 1R
Sensitivity is that property of protection system which enables it to

distinguish between fault and no fault condition very correctly.
As if we say that some animals are more sensitive than humans to
natural disasters like earthquake.
Where as selectivity is that property of the power system which
enables it to isolate only the faulty part from healthy part.
In this sense differential protection is most selective protection
Once the fault detected by SENSITIVE system and area to be
disconnected detected by SELECTIVE system then there comes the
SPEED.
This faulty section should be get cleared as early as possible.
For EHV system Faults are once in blue moon. Hence this all above
said things should happen RELIABELY even after 5-10 years from
design and commissioning of the protection system.
34

Changing Trend In Protective Relaying
Protection relay is a tool for

protection engineer
During last 30 years relay
operating principles changed
very drastically
Electromagnetic Relays
Static Relays
Digital Relays
Numerical Relays
Though it is not required to
design a relay or repair a relay
at site it is customary to have
some working knowledge of
these relays for better
understanding and use of it
35

Electromagnetic Induction relays
36

Static Relays
37

Digital Relay
38
Functions Available in Numerical O/C Relay
Numerical Relay
39
40

Introduction
A
R3
R2
R1
500 ms
350 ms
110 ms
1) Consider a representative part of a power system as shown above.

2) It is being protected by over current relay
3) Typical expected time of operation for over current relays are as shown
4) In next couple of hour we will see
a) What is mean by relay characteristics curve
b) How relay characteristic curve suites our protection needs
c) How it helps us in deciding relay time of operation
d) Workout relay settings so that they shall

operate at expected time
e) Methodology being adopted for selective tripping by over current
relay including directional relay
41

Introduction
R3
R2
R1
40 sec.
25 sec.
10 sec.
R3
R2
R1
180 ms
220 ms
200 ms
R3
R2
R1
500 ms
350 ms
110 ms

Study of Time Co-ordination and its role in design of protection scheme.
Over Current and Earth Fault Protection is

used for
Protecting a equipment
Selective tripping of faulty section of the
power system
Backing up the main protection
42

Role of Over Current Relay in Protecting the Equipment
It is obvious that over current protective system should

act and interrupt the fault current before to damage of
equipment due to fault current through it.
Power system equipments include Line, Isolator, CT,
Breaker, Transformer
Obviously Transformer is most costliest and delicate (for
fault currents) equipment first we will consider its
damage curve and decide parameters of protection
system so that it should act fast enough to protect the
transformer
This can be ascertained with the help of Damage Curve
of the transformer and time-current curve of the
protective system
43

Role of Over Current Protection in Selective Tripping
It is obvious that only that part of the power system

should get disconnected where the fault exists
Hence proper time co-ordination should be there so as to
let the down stream protection should act fast enough
and up-stream protection should give sufficient time for
down stream protection to act
Otherwise un-necessary larger area get affected
44

Backup Protection
When ever main protection fails to separate the

faulty section backup protection take up this role
As such there is inherent time delay in operation
of backup protection
This backup protection can be employed in main
protection itself as additional function, but
invariably it is employed as a separate relay to
ensure its operation even if failure of
quantities/links which are common to both
functions such as
DC Source
PT supply
Relay hardware
Main CTs
45

Back up protection
EHV line faults are of sever nature from

power system security and stability point
of view. Hence must be cleared
instantaneously
For this purpose distance relays which
operates instantaneously (Z1) are
employed for protection of EHV lines
For protection of EHV transformers
differential and REF relays are employed
which are also instantaneous
46
47

Backup Relay Time Coordination
M
E
C
F

O/C E/F Relay & Time Coordination: Basic Information

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