Analytic Geometry

Engr. Ren

Rectangular Coordinates
System

Analytic Geometry deals with geometric

problems using coordinates system thereby
converting it into algebraic problems.

Rene Descartes ( 1596 - 1650, Cartesius in

Latin language) is regarded as the founder of
analytic geometry by introducing system in 1637.

Rectangular Coordinates
System

Distance between two points:

d = (x2-x1)^2 + (y2-y1)^2

This formula is known as the distance formula.

Distance between two points in space:

In space, there are three axes, namely x, y and z.

d = (x2-x1)^2 + (y2-y1)^2 + (z2-z1)^2

Slope of a line (m):

tan = (y2-y1) / (x2-x1)

Since slope, m = tan ;

m = (y2-y1) / (x2-x1)

For parallel lines, m1 = m2

For perpendicular lines, m2 = -1/m1

Q1

The linear distance between 4 and 17

on the number line is
A.13
B.21
C. 17
D. 13

Q2

Find the distance between A(4,-3) and

B(-2,5).
A.11
B.9
C. 10
D. 8

Q4

Q-4. Find the coordinates of a point

equidistant from (1,-6), (5,-6) and (6,-1)
A.(2,-2)
B.(3,-2)
C. (3,-3)
D. (2,-3)

Angle between two lines

tan = (m2 - m1)/ 1+m2m1

Where: m2 and m1 are slopes of line 2 and line 1, respectively

Distance between a point and a line:

d = Ax1 + By1 + C
+- A^2 + B^2

Use + if B is positive and the point is above/right of the line

+ if B is negative and the point
Is below/ left of the line

- if otherwise

Distance between two parallel lines:

d = C1 - C2 / +- A^2 + B^2

Division of line segment

Let r1 and r2 be the corresponding ratio of its length to the total distance between two
points.

x = (x1r2) + (x2r1) / r1 + r2

y = (y1r2) + (y2r1) / r1 + r2

If the point P(x,y) is at the midpoint of P1 and P2, then

x = (x1 + x2) / 2 and

y = (y1 + y2) / 2

Area by coordinates:

Consider a polygon with coordinates

of the vertices as shown

Lines
Equations of lines:
General equation
Ax + By + C = 0
Point-slope form
y-y1 = m(x-x1)
Slope-intercept form
y = mx + b
Two-point form
y-y1 = (y2-y1)(x-x1)/ (x2-x1)
Intercept form
x/a + y/b = 1

Q5

Determine the coordinates of the point

which is three - fifths of the way from the
point (2,-5) to the point (-3,5).
A.(-1,1)
B.(-2,-1)
C. (-1,-2)
D. (1,-1)

Conic Sections

Conic sections or conics is the locus of a point

which moves in such a way that the ratio of its distance
from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix) is
constant. The constant ratio is called eccentricity.

1.Circle - cutting plane parallel to the base.

2.Ellipse - cutting plane not parallel to any element of
the circular cone,
3.Parabola - cutting plane parallel to the slant height.
4.Hyperbola - cutting plane parallel to axis.

General Equation

Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

B2 - 4AC < 0, the conic is an ellipse

B2 - 4AC = 0, the conic is a parabola
B2 - 4AC > 0, the conic is a hyperbola
If B = 0, then the axes of the conic are parallel to the x and y coordinate
axes.

If
If
If
If

A = C, the conic is a circle.

A is not = C, but the same sign, the conic is an ellipse.
either A or C is zero, the conic is parabola.
A and C are opposite signs, the conic is a hyperbola

Q6

Find the angle formed by the lines 2x

+ y - 8 = 0 and x + 3y + 4 = 0.
A.30
B.35
C. 45
D. 60

Q7

Find the distance of the line 3x + 4y

= 5 from the origin.
A.4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1

Q9

Given three vertices of a triangle whose

coordinates are A(1,1), B(3,-3) and C(5,3). Find the area of the triangle.
A.3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6

q10

What conic section is represented by

the equation 4x^2 + 8x - y^2 + 4y 15 = 0 ?
A.Circle
B.Hyperbola
C. Parabola
D. ellipse

q11

What conic section is represented by the

equation x2 + 4y2 + 4xy + 2x - 10 = 0?
A.Circle
B.Hyperbola
C. Parabola
D. ellipse

Circle

The plane figure obtained as a locus of a point whose distance from a fixed
point called the center is constant.

General Equation:
Ax^2 + Cy^2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equation:
(x-h)^2 + (y-k)^2 = r^2

Coordinate of the center

h = -D/2A ; k = -E/2A

Length of the radius:

r = (D^2 + E^2 - 4AF)/(4A^2)

Q13

Find the equation of the circle whose

center is at (3,-5) and whose radius is
4.
A.x^2 + y^2 6x + 10y + 18 = 0
B.x^2 + y^2 6x - 10y + 18 = 0
C.x^2 + y^2 +6x + 10y + 18 = 0
D.x^2 + y^2 +6x - 10y + 18 = 0

Q15
What is the equation of circle whose
ends of diameter are (10,2) and (6,4)?
A.x^2 + y^2 16x + 2y + 52 = 0
B.x^2 + y^2 8x + 2y - 48 = 0
C.x^2 + y^2 +16x - 12y + 52 = 0
D.x^2 + y^2 +16x - 2y + 48 = 0

Parabola
Is a locus of point which moves so that it is always equidistant to a fixed
point called focus and to a fixed straight line called directrix.
General Equation:
Axis parallel to the y-axis
Ax^2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Axis parallel to the x-axis
Cy^2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Standard Equations
Vertex (V) at (h,k)

A.axis parallel to the x-axis

Opens to the right
(y-k)^2 = 4a(x-h)
Opens to the left
(y-k)^2 = -4a(x-h)
B. axis parallel to the y-axis
Opens upward
(x-h)^2 = 4a(y-k)

Opens downward
(x-h)^2 = -4a(y-k)

Eccentricity: The ratio of the distance to the focus to the distance to the directrix

e = f/d since f=d, e = 1

Latus rectum: A line that passes through the focus and perpendicular to the axis of the conic.
LR = 4a

q16

The focus of the parabola y^2 = 16x

is at
A.(4,0)
B.(0,4)
C. (3,0)
D. (0,3)

Q18

Find the equation of the directrix of the

parabola y^2 = 16x.
A.x=2
B.x=-2
C. x=4
D. x=-4

Q19

what is the length of the latus rectum

of the curve x^2 = 20y?
A.20
B.20
C. 5
D. 5

Ellipse

Is a locus of point which moves so that the sum of its distance to the fixed
points (foci) is constant and is equal to the length of the major axis (2a).

General Equation
Ax^2 + Cy^2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
Note: d1 + d2 = 2a, is the distance from V1 and V2. also, the relationship
between a, b and c is

b^2 + c^2 = a^2

a is always greater than b
If D and E = 0, center is at the origin (0,0). If either D or E, of both D &E not
= 0, the center is at (h,k).

Standard Equation
C(h,k)
(x-h)^2 + (y-k)^2 = 1 ->major axis is
a^2
b^2
horizontal

(x-h)^2 + (y-k)^2 = 1 ->major axis is

b^2
a^2
vertical

Length of Latus Rectum

LR = 2b^2 / a
Where:
a = semi - major axis
b = semi - minor axis

Q21

what is the area enclosed by the curve

9x^2 + 25y^2 - 225 = 0?
A.47.1
B.50.2
C. 63.8
D. 72.3

Q22

The lengths of the major and minor axes of

an ellipse are 10m and 8m, respectively.
Find the distance between the foci.
A.3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6

Hyperbola

Is a locus of a point which moves so that the difference of the

distances to the fixed points (foci) is constant and is equal to
the length of the transverse axis (2a).

General Equation
A.Transverse axis - horizontal
Ax^2 - Cy^2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Note: transverse axis is the axis that passes through the foci,
vertices and the center of the hyperbola while the conjugate
axis is the one that is perpendicular to the transverse axis

Length of the transverse axis =

2a or 2C
Length of the conjugate axis =
2b or 2A

Where A and C are the numerical coefficients (absolute

value) of x^2 and y^2 respectively.

a^2 + b^2 = c^2

B. Transverse axis - vertical

Cy^2 - Ax^2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Length of the transverse axis =

2a or 2A
Length of the conjugate axis =
2b or 2C
Where A and C are the numerical coefficients (absolute value)
of x^2 and y^2 respectively.

Standard Equation at C(h,k)

Transverse axis horizontal
(x-h)^2 - (y-k)^2 = 1
a^2
b^2

Transverse axis vertical

(y-k)^2 - (x-h)^2 = 1
a^2
b^2

e = c/a or e = a/D

Length of Latus Rectum

LR = 2b^2 /a
Where:
a = semi-major axis
b = semi-minor axis

Q25

Find the equation of the hyperbola with

vertices at (-4,2) and (0,2) and foci at
(-5,2) and (1,2)
A.5x^2 - 4y^2 +20x +16y 16 =0
B.5x^2 - 4y^2 +20x -16y 16 =0
C.5x^2 - 4y^2 -20x +16y +16 =0
D.5x^2 + 4y^2 -20x +16y 16 =0

end

Q-1

if the distance between points (3,y)

and (8,7) is 13, then y is equal to

Q2

Find the slope of the line defined by

y-x = 5

Q3

Determine the nature of the curve

4x^2 + 4y^2 - 8x + 16y + 19 = 0.

Q4

What is the center of the curve x^2

+ y^2 2x 4y 31 = 0?

Q5

What is the vertex of the parabola

x^2 = 4(y-2)?

Q6

In the equation y=-x^2 + x +1,

where is the curve facing?

Q7

The equation 25x^2 +16y^2 - 150x

+ 128y + 81 = 0 has its center at