Ch.

7 Ionic and
Metallic
Bonding

7.1 Ions

Valence Electrons
Electrons in the highest occupied energy

level of an atom
Number determines chemical properties of

an element
Find by looking at group number (1A-8A)
Shown in electron dot structures
Octet rule: in forming compounds, atoms

tend to achieve the electron configuration of

a noble gas (fill the octet)

Formation of Cations
Positively charged ions are formed when an

atom loses one or more valence electrons

Transition Metals
Form cations
Some form multiple ions (with different

charges)
Not all achieve pseudo-noble gas

configuration

Formation of Anions
An atom gains one or more valence electrons

7.2 Ionic Bonds

and Ionic
Compounds

Formation of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compound: composed of cations and

anions
Electrically neutral (cation and anion charges

balance each other)

Ionic bond: electrostatic forces that hold ions

together in ionic compounds (interaction

between cation and anion)

Use electron dot structures to determine

formulas of the ionic compounds formed when
the following elements react.
Potassium and Bromine
Sodium and Sulfur
Magnesium and Nitrogen
Calcium and Chlorine

Formula Units
Chemical formulas show the number of

atoms of each element in the smallest

representative unit of a substance
(molecules, formula units, atoms, etc.)
Formula unit is the lowest whole number

ratio of ions in an ionic compound

Between a +1 cation and a -1 anion, the ratio

is one-to-one, such as NaCl

Between a +2 cation and a -1 anion, the ratio
is 1 to 2, such as MgCl2

Water Testing
Potassium thiocyanate indicates presence of

iron(III) ions if a red color forms

Sodium oxalate indicates the presence of calcium

ions if a white precipitate forms

In both cases, the formation of a new ionic

compound indicates the presence of a particular

ion in the water.

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Crystalline solid at room temperature
High melting points
Coordination number: number of ions of

opposite charge that surround the ion in a

crystal
Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved

in water

7.3 Bonding in
Metals

Metallic Bonds
Metallic bonds are forces of attraction between

free-floating electrons and positively charged

metal ions

Sea of electrons model

Conductivity

Malleability

Alloys
Mixture of 2+ elements including at least 1

metal
Properties are often superior to pure

elements
Oxidation, hardness, malleability, conductivity

Common alloys include stainless steel,

sterling silver, and cast iron

Electrolysis Simulation
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