Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
21st Century
Power: Balance
National Power
of
Power,
Elements
Foreign
Policy:
Determinants,
making and analysis
National Interest & Sovereignty
of
decision
to
Concept of Security
Traditional Concept of Security
Military Security against threats from abroad.
1.Today If India diverts the flow of our water?
2.If enemies of Pakistan sabotage CPEC?
3.If Gwadar becomes a failure because Cha bahar ?
4.If our society is polarized on sectarian and ethnic lines?
Non-traditional concept of Security
NT concept of security (Barry Buzan, 1983) from
Military
to
political,
economic,
societal,
environmental, as well as military. Against soft
threats (macro to micro level).
Notion of Security
A nation is secure to the extent to which it is not in
danger of having to sacrifice core values if it wishes
to avoid war. And is able, if challenged, to maintain
them by victory in such wars.
Walter Lippmann
Security is absence of threat.
Arnold Wolfers
Political Security
The heart of political sector is made up of threats to
state sovereignty.
Political stability x vibrant economy= pol security
Representative democratic government prevent internal
dissent and discontent.
Security against
transformation....
Hinduism.
Economic Security
Military Security
Heart of the military sector is having state of
the art weapons & technology, sound training
of the military forces with sufficient number.
Environment Security
Guarding against;
Environment degradation, draught, famines, Food
shortage,
Land
erosion,
floods,
Rains,
earthquakes, tsunamis, etc.
Environment weapons have been developed by
many countries , HAARP technologies.
Power: Elements
of National
Power
Power
Often defined as the ability to get another
actor to do what it would not otherwise have
done.
Ability to influence other Joseph Nye
Power is the ability to influence (change) the
behaviour of others to get a desired outcome
Human Resources;
1.Capital 2. Technology 3. Labour 4.
Food
National Character
Leadership (strong, charismatic, shrewd,
visionary)
International standing/position
Internal Cohesion (Ethnic, social, religious
harmony)
Bureaucratic efficiency
Diplomatic Skills
Popular support for the government
Balance of Power
How Balancing is done?
Balance process can be carried on either by
diminishing the weight of the heavier state or by
increasing the weight of the lighter one.
(2) Compensation
Alliances vs Counter-alliances
Before WWI
Triple alliance (Austria, Germany and Italy) VS
Triple Entete (France , Russia, and Great Britain)
During WWII
Axis Power (Germany, Italy, and Japan) vs Allied
Powers (Britain, France, USA, and USSR)
NTAO Vs. Warsaw pact
(5) Intervention
and
BOP as Ideology acts as mechanism for selfdefence against the potential aggressor.
Imperial countries always use this excuse to
prevent the emergence of a competitor.
Example
(US vs Germany and USSR and now vs
China.)
Foreign Policy:
Determinants, decision
making and analysis
Foreign Policy
Strategies governments use to guide their
actions in the international arena, the actions state
leaders decide to pursue and protect national
interest in given situations.
FP operates under the standard of the national
interest H. Morgenthau
FP is designed to protect and promote the
national interest abroad.
Domestic policy is designed to protect and promote
the national interest within the country.
Promote a nations
1. Security
2. Stability
3. Prosperity
In the domains of
4. Domestic
5. Regional
6. Global
External Factors;
Power structure (international position, small,
middle, great power)
Standing
in
International
Organizations
(importance in int. institutions, pol, econ,
military/defence)
Geographic Location
Reaction of other States Iraq vs. Kuwait & US
intervention 1991, Pakistan in Afghanistan in 1979.
World public opinion/Public Perception
Alliances
Internal Factors;
Historical Influence
Size and Geography
Natural Resources
Economic development
Industrial Development
Military Power
Population
Good Governance and Leadership
Quality of Diplomacy
Political Organization
Role of Media and Think Tanks
3 Approaches to analyze FP
1 How do Size, Wealth and form of
government affect FP?
2 How do population, natural resources and
technology affect FP decision making
process?
3 How does states political culture and
history affect FP?
FP outcomes result from multiple forces
at various levels and analysis.
Merits of RAM.
Useful when no or little information is about
the enemy available.
In crisis situation little time for discussions
Demerits of RAM.
Stresses interaction among states, (clash of interests)
Several Actors are crucial to FP Decision-Making;
International outputs are the results of their Interests,
which may differ.
Tensions amongst Bureaucratic Agencies specialization,
wars, funding (UFA, UNGA, PM Nawaz Sharif)
Merits of OPM
FP decision makers respond based on the SOPs.
Highlights the domestic political influences and
domestic forces on FP..
FP making is a relationship among different
government institutions.
Lobbyists influence is incorporated corporate
sector/religious groups/military etc.
Demerits of OPM
Time consuming.
Gives little options to the elite/ruling class.
Merits of BM
Adds important details about domestic politics. (different
backgrounds).
Helps explain key roles of the individuals.
Helps explain why individuals are at times working for their
self interest.
Therefore, explains why policy sometimes looks irrational.
Demerits of BM
Difficult to study and analyse.
Complex model.
At times state interest is undermined and personal interest
prevail.
National Interest
National Interest is a country's goals and ambitions
whether economic, military, or cultural.
The most important national interest is the
survival of the state.
Security, Stability, Prosperity are the cherished
national interest of every nation
Sovereignty
Sovereignty: A government has the right,
in principle, to do whatever it wants in its
own territory.
The principle of supreme authority within a
territory
In modern times, sovereignty is almost
inextricably bound with territoriality.
Internal. External
It is indivisible, absolute, permanent, and
cannot be transferred Rousseau
For Liberals sovereignty is defines as the in
terms of the states ability to control activities
within and across its borders.
For realists the essence of sovereignty is the
states ability to make authoritative decisions _
the decision to make wars.