ElectricGenerators

Convertmechanicalenergyintoelectrical
energy
AdirectresultofFaradaysworkon
induction
Basically,theinverseoftheelectricmotor
whichconvertselectricalenergyto
mechanicalenergy

ACGenerator
Wewilllookatasimpleversion
Theoutputcurrentis
alternatingandchanges
directioneachhalf
revolution.

ACGenerator
Wesawearlierthatwecan
considerFaradaysLaworwe
canjustcalculatetheforceson
theindividualelectrons
makingupthecurrent.Well
dothelatterhere.
Alltheactiontakesplacein
thewiresegmentsabandcd.
Theforcesonelectronsinad
andbcaresidewaysthethe
electronsdontmovealong
thewireduetotheseforces.

ACGenerator
Thedirectionofcurrentinab
isfromatob.Atthebottomit
isfromctod.Thuscurrent
willflowintheloop.
Lasttimewesawthatthe
EMFcausingthiscurrentin
onewireisjustBlvperpendicular.
Sincewehavetwowires,the
EMFisjusttwicethisamount.
IfourcoilhasNturnsthen

2NBlv sin

ACGenerator
2NBlv sin
tandv r h /2
2NBl h /2sin t
NBA sin t
NBA sin2ft

Problem
Asimplegeneratorhasa720loopsquarecoil21.0cmona
side.Howfastmustitturnina0.650Tfieldtoproducea
120Vpeakoutput?

NBA sint
peak NBA
peak

NBA
120

5.81rad/sec
2
720 0.650 (0.21)

DCGenerators
Replacethebrusheswith
slipringsandyougeta
DCgenerator.Noticethe
voltageisnotsteady.The
coilisshownatthetop
andbottomoftheshaft.

DCGenerators
Ifweincreasethenumber
ofturnsandarrangethem
asshown,wecansmooth
outthevariationsin
voltage.
Intheolddays,autosused
DCgeneratorstorecharge
thebattery.

Alternators
Analternatingvoltageis
producedinthestatorcoils.We
thenconnetthestatorcoilstoa
diode(detailslater)which
convertstheACtofluctuating
DC.
Wecanalsoaddmorestator
coilscarefullyarranged.

Alternators
NowtheAC
voltageis
dramatically
smootheddueto
thearrangement
ofthestator
coils.

CounterEMF
InthisDCmotor,thecurrent
producesatorque.Ifyoukeep
applyingatorque,theangular
velocitycontinuestoincrease!
However,asthecoilturns,the
magneticfluxchangesandan
EMFisproduced.ByLenzs
Law,thisopposesthechange.
Soanequilibriumspeedis
obtained.Seeexamplesinthe
textbook.

CounterEMF
Inageneratorwhencurrentflowstoan
externalload,thecurrentinthecoils
experiencesatorque(justlikeinamotor).
Thistorqueopposesthemechanicalmotion
causingtheinducedcurrent.

Transformers
Transformersaredevicesforincreasingor
decreasingACvoltages
B
VS N S
PowerIn = PowerOut
t
B VP IP VS IS
VP N P
IS N P
t

IP N S
VS N S

VP N P

Problem
Highintensitydesklampsareratedat40Wbutrequireonly
12V.Theycontainatransformerthatconverts120V
householdvoltage.(a)Isthetransformerstepuporstep
down?(b)Whatisthecurrentinthesecondarywhenthelamp
ison?Whatisthecurrentintheprimary?(d)Whatisthe
resistanceofthebulbwhenon?

Problem
Highintensitydesklampsareratedat40Wbutrequireonly
12V.Theycontainatransformerthatconverts120V
householdvoltage.(a)Isthetransformerstepuporstep
down?

Sincetheinputvoltageis120Vandthe
outputvoltageis12V,thetransformer
isastep downunit.

Problem
Highintensitydesklampsareratedat40Wbutrequireonly
12V.Theycontainatransformerthatconverts120V
householdvoltage.(b)Whatisthecurrentinthesecondary
whenthelampison?

P VI
40 12I
I 40 /12 3.33amps

Problem
Highintensitydesklampsareratedat40Wbutrequireonly
12V.Theycontainatransformerthatconverts120V
householdvoltage.Whatisthecurrentintheprimary?

P VI
40 120I
I 40 /120 0.333amps

Problem
Highintensitydesklampsareratedat40Wbutrequireonly
12V.Theycontainatransformerthatconverts120V
householdvoltage.(d)Whatistheresistanceofthebulbwhen
on?
2

PI R

40 (3.33) R
2

R 40 /(3.33) 3.6
2