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02.

AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT

AGROECOLOGY

What is an ecosystem, and how can we study


one?
Is the earth an open or closed system with
respect to energy and elements?
How do we define "biogeochemical cycles," and
how are they important to ecosystems?
What are the major controls on ecosystem
function?
What are the major factors responsible for the
differences between ecosystems?

The concept of the agroecosystem is


based on ecological principles

NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS

Gen Sel Organ

Organisme Populasi Komunitas


Mineral/materi

Sel
Organ
Sistem Sistem

Organisme
Sistem

Populasi
Sistem

Gambar. Spektrum Ekologi

Ekosistem

Organization of Life
Biosphere

Biosphere

Ecosystems

Ecosystems
Communities

Communities

Populations
Organisms

Populations

Organisms

ScalesofEcologicalOrganization

INDIVIDU?POPULASI ?
KOMUNITAS ?
C

INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM
Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organs
systems

Autecology/Physiological ecology
Concerned :
how is a organism response the
environmental factors?
How is a individual organism tolerance to
stresses in environment where it will live?

Organism

POPULATIONS

A population is a group of individuals of the


same species inhabiting the same area at
the same time.
Important characteristics:
Population size, density, and dispersion
Birth and death rates
Growth rates
Age structure
Genetic Diversity

Characteristics of
Populations
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Population size,
density, and
dispersion
Birth and death rates
Growth rates
Age structure
Genetic Diversity

POPULATIONS
Population ecology
Concerned

:
Important in determining the factors that control population size and
growth

relation to the capacity of the environment to support population over


time

Population Ecology

1.
2.
3.

A population is a group of plants, animals, or


other organisms, all of the same species,
that live together and reproduce.
The important of population ecology
Numbers of individuals in a population
Population dynamics: how and why those
numbers increase or decrease over time
Population ecologists try to determine the
processes common to all populations

Population Ecology in
Action

Biologists in applied disciplines such as


Forestry
Agronomy (crop science)
Wildlife management

Must manage populations of economic


importance
Prevent threatened or endangered species
from extinction

COMMUNITIES

Communities an assemblage of populations


of many species living together in the same
location at the same time.
The important thing :
1. Community structure and functioning
2. Community Biodiversity
Number and types of species
Relative abundance of species
Interactions among species
3. Community Development
Community resilience to disturbance
Nutrient and energy flow

COMMUNITIES
Community ecology

Concerned

:
How the interactions of organism affect the
distribution and abundance of the different species

ECOSYSTEMS

Ecosystems are
composed of all the
communities and
their physical,
chemical, and
biological processes.
Ecosystems sustain

themselves entirely
through energy flow
through food chains,
and nutrient recycling.

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PETA LANDUSE TAHUN 2006 DI SUB DAS BRANTAS HULU


S ido rej o

S u m b erb ran ta s

9140000

DESA T UL UN G REJO

DESA SUM BERG O ND O DESA T OYO MAR TO

9140000

Example:
In Watershed

KEL. PENC ALUKAN

Ga be s
J un ggo

Te ga ls a ri

Ge rdu

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9135000

S ele k t a
K ek e p

Go nd ang

P ay a n

S egu nd u

DESA PUN TEN

Rek es a n K ul on

K ung k u k

DESA BULU KERTO

Ge m bo l

P ag e rs a ri

Nge bru k

S e ng o n an
Rek es a n W et a n
P unt e n

P age rgu nu ng
Ta la ngs ari
P rum b un g
P ram b at an

B um i aji

Gi nt un g

Ta la ngr e jo
Cla k et

Ge m ul o

S ik o rem b ug
K and an ga n

K apr u

K lir an

DESA G UN UN G SAR I

B rau L eb ak

B r au

To ng gol ari

S ant ri an

Can ga r
B oro las ah

DESA SI DO MU LYO

B aru

DESA BUM IAJ I


Tl og ore jo

S um b e rs a ri

DESA SUM BEREJO

B ana ran

Ti nj om o y o

DESA PAND ANREJ O


DESA G I RIPU RN O

B eru
B ina ng un

S ab r ang be n d o

Cem bo

S um b ere jo
S ong go rit i

K edu ng
B oro gon da ng

K lum us a n

Las ah

K aja r

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S aw a ha n
P lam bo y an
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P es a nt ren

DESA T AW AN G AR G O

K ali pu ti h
P and an

Nga gl ik Ut a ra

P es a ng grah an

DESA PASANG G RAH AN

DESA PAND ES AR I

K raj an

Dad ap an

S ong go k ert o
Ta m bu h

N ga gl ik S e lat a n

Ngu di

K raj an

W un uc a ri

Leb an

S reb et B ara t
S reb et Ti m ur

KE L. SO NG G O KERT O

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Dur ek

KEL. SI SIR

N ge m ul

M edu ran

B rak
Ge nt in g

S reb et Ti m ur

Te m as
Nge m ul

M edu ran
Te m as B a rat

KEL. T EMAS

KEL. N GAGLI K
K am p un gan y ar K am p un gan y ar

Ge ne nga n

B at u

K ler ek

P ut uk

K ali m al an g

B es u l

K am p un gt eh

S uk o m ul y o
Gl on ggo ng

To y om e rt o

Ngu di

To y om a rt o

K raj an

DESA T OR O NGREJ O
Go nd ore jo
B eji

Oro -oro om bo

Ngu k ir

DE SA BEJI

AR EAL KEHU TANAN


DESA PEND E M
K aja ng
P en d em

DE SA O RO -O R O OM BO

Rej os o

nd at
DESA MO JNga
O REJ
O

DESA J UNR EJO

Tl ek u ng

DESA T LEKU NG

Jed ing

Dre s el

J un rejo

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Ga ng s ira np ut u k

2000
665000

Dad ap tu li s Ut ara
DESA
D AD APREJO

9125000

Landuse:
: Hutan Alami
: Hutan Produksi
: Hutan Reboisasi
: Lahan Terbuka
: Pemukiman
: Perkebunan
: Rumput
: Sawah
: Semak
: Tegalan

T
S

670000

2000

4000 Meters
675000

Components of
Ecosystem
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS

BIOTIC COMPONENTS

Sunlight

Primary producers

Temperature

Herbivores

Precipitation

Carnivores

Water or moisture

Omnivores

Soil or water chemistry (e.g., P, NH4+) Detritivores


etc.

etc.
All of these vary over space/time

Biosphere
The biosphere is the
global sum of all
ecosystems. It can also be
called the zone of life on
Earth. From the broadest
biophysiological point of
view, the biosphere is the
global ecological system
integrating all living beings
and their relationships,
including their interaction
with the elements of the
lithosphere, hydrosphere
and atmosphere

Structural Properties of
Communities

Species Diversity
Dominance and Relative Abundance
Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland,
forest )
Trophic Structure
Stability

Figure. Relationships within an ecosystem

NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

Processes of Ecosystems

How ecosystems function:


1. Ecosystems have energy flows and
ecosystems materials cycles.
2. Ecosystems have nutrient cycles

1. Energy flows and materials cycles

Figure. Energy flows and material cycles.

2. Energy flows and nutrient cycles

Figure. Relationship between energy flow and nutrient cycle

Biochemical cycles in ecosystem


1.

2. The carbon cycle

3. The phosphorus cycle

AGROECOSYSTEM

AGROECOSYSTEM VS. NATURAL


ECOSYSTEM

Natural ecosystem is closed, or at least, unmanaged


ecosystem
Closed ecosystemall elements recycled through ecosystem

not often pure closed ecosystems anymorehumans frequently


involved

Agroecosystem is an open ecosystem, or managed


ecosystem:
Producer moves plants, animals, environmental factors

(fertilizers, feed) in & out of ecosystem


Will not continue on its own without management
If left alone, would progress toward closed ecosystem, but
probably not the same as original ecosystem before agriculture
without human input again

Characteristics

Agroecosystem

Natural
Ecosystem

High

Low

Species diversity

Low
(monoculture)
can use crop
rotation and
intercropping to
stabilize more

High

Genetic diversity
within species

Low

High

Plant life-cycles
present

Few

All, more
perennial

Competition

Negative

Tolerable
(ecological niche)

Flowering, plant
maturing

Synchronized

Seasonal

Nutrient Cycles

Open

Closed

Permanence

Short

Long

Human Control

High

Low

Productivity

ENERGY FLOW

Figure 2.7

Functional components of an agroecosystem.

POPULATION REGULATING
MECHANISM
Crop Populations
Natural Plant Population
(also true of weeds)

Seed brought in by producer

Seed produced mostly by


local plants

High seed viability

Variable seed viability

Uniform seed dispersal

Non-uniform seed dispersal

Low dormancy, carryover of


seed

Possibility of dormancy,
delayed germination
(carryover)

Uniform soils

Variable soil types

Uniform population age,


genetics

Diverse population age,


genetics

Even spacing within species

Variable spacing within


species

High allocation of plant


resources to reproduction
(seed)

Allocation to seed production


may be lower

NUTRIENT CYCLING

NATURAL ECOSYSTEM

AGROECOSYSTEM

Inputs:
Plant residue
Animal wastes
Animal residue
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation

Using the soil as a


pool of nutrients:
Inputs:
Fertilizers
Crop residues
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Crops then
removal from
area
Erosion
Leaching
Run-off
www.themegallery.com

Outputs:
Plants animals
grazing on plants
Denitrification
Run-off
leaching
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ASSIGNMENT
1. Cari contoh suatu ekosistem .
2. Tuliskan semua komponen yang ada di
dalam komunitas tersebut
3. Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam
komunitas tersebut

Thank You !

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