Constructive and

Destructive Forces

Layers of the Earth

Constructive Forces

Identify surface features caused by destructive forces.

Construct means to build up.

Forces that build up features on the
surface of the Earth.
Sediment (Deltas, sand dunes, etc.)
Volcanoes (makes Islands)
Tectonic Plates (Mountains)
Crust deformation (Folding or Faulting)

Sediment
The process of sediment being carried
causes new landforms.
Wind sand transported by the wind creates
sand dunes.
Water bits of soil and rock can be carried
downstream and deposited causing deltas.
Ice glaciers pick up and move rock and
other materials, depositing it elsewhere.

Wind Deposition
Sand Dune Cumberland Island, GA

Water Deposition
Sediment is carried by river

Glacial Deposition

Volcano
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search
?Ntt=volcano+erupt
United Streaming-Fire Down Below

Volcanoes
A volcano is an opening in the Earth's
surface or crust, which allows hot, molten
rock, ash and gases to escape from deep
below the surface.
Volcanic activity involving the extrusion of
rock tends to form mountains or features like
mountains over a period of time.
Magma (inside)
Lava (outside)

Volcanoes
There are two main types of volcanoes: shield and
composite.
Shield volcanoes are usually found in the middle of
tectonic plates. Islands like Hawaii are good
examples of this type of volcano. These are making
new islands every yeartakes a long time. (Hawaiian
Islands)
There's a hole in the middle of the plate and magma
moves out and piles on top of itself, slowly building a
mountain of rock. (Katmai)

Volcanoes
1. Magma reservoir
2. Country rock
3. Conduit (pipe)
4. Base
5. Sill
6. Branch pipe
7. Layers of ash emitted
by the volcano
8. Flank
9. Layers of lava emitted
by the volcano
10. Throat
11. Parasitic cone
12. Lava flow
13. Vent
14. Crater
15. Ash cloud

HOT SPOT
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?Ntt=hotspot
United Streaming-Hot Spot

Tectonic Plates
Mountains can be formed because of
moving tectonic plates.

Tectonic Plates

Faults
Faults are cracks in the Earths crust.
The surface of the Earth is made up of tectonic
plates that are floating on magma (molten rock).
It is along these fault lines that earthquakes and
volcanoes occur.

Destructive Forces
Identify examples of surface features caused by destructive processes.

Destruct means to destroy.

Forces that destroy features on the Earths
surface.

Erosion (water - rivers and oceans, wind)

Weathering (chemical or mechanical)
Impact of organisms
Earthquake

Earthquakes

An earthquake is a phenomenon that

results from the sudden release of stored
energy in the Earths crust.

It is caused by a strain on the fault lines of

the Earths crust. When the energy of the
strain is released, similar to a rubber band
snapping, the earthquake occurs.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes cause a

shaking or displacement of the ground and
sometimes cause the ground to break apart
and change shape. Earthquake Animation!

Earthquake

Weathering and Erosion

Weathering is the breakdown of the continents and the land around you. The
breaking down of these rocks and land due to forces such as wind and water
is weathering. When it rains, rocks are washed down a mountain or down a
stream. Soils are washed away. The ocean beats against a cliff and breaks it
apart. If it is moved elsewhere it is called erosion.

Mechanical Weathering
Mechanical weathering is the
process of breaking big rocks into
little ones. This process usually
happens near the surface of the
planet. Temperature also affects
the land. The cool nights and hot
days always cause things to
expand and contract. That
movement can cause rocks to
crack and break apart. Roots and
plants also push into the rocks
and break them apart. They act
like wedges and push the rocks
apart. Little animals also help by
burrowing and digging through
the ground.

Chemical Weathering
Chemical weathering
includes the effect of
weathering on molecules
and atoms. As with all
chemistry, the greater the
surface area of an object,
the more chemical reactions
can take place. For these
chemical reactions to
happen in nature, moisture,
and heat must be present.

Biological Weathering
(Impact of Organisms)

Biological weathering
would include the effect
of animals and plants
on the landscape. This
is more than roots
digging in and wedging
rocks. Biological
weathering is the actual
molecular breakdown
of minerals.

Earthquakes

More than buildings collapse

when an earthquake hits. The
land itself is totally changed. You
can see scars across the
landscape. Those scars appear
when one block of land has
moved compared to another.
Roads often change their
placement. They either become
uneven or just crack. Streams
can also change course.
Sometimes rocks can fall and
block the stream. Other times,
the land is even lowered in
certain areas. When it's lower,
it's easier for the water to flow in
the new direction .

Earthquakes
San Andreas Fault line is 810 miles and
runs along California. It separates the
tectonic boundary of the Pacific and North
America boundary.

Technology and
Human Interventions
Humans try to CONTROL these forces.
seismological studies
flood control (dams, levees, storm drain
management, etc.)
beach reclamation (Georgia coastal islands)

Seismic Waves
Scientists study earthquakes so that they can
understand how they work and so that they can try to
predict future quakes.
Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called
seismographs.
A short wiggly line means a small earthquake and a
large one means a large earthquake.

Seismic Waves
These are waves of energy that travel
through Earths layers studied by
geologist.
Primary (P waves) travel fast
Secondary waves (S waves) travel
through solids

Flood Control

Lake Allatoona was

created in 1950 by the
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers for flood
control. At more than
12,000 acres, Allatoona is
one of the larger lakes in
the state.

The U.S. Army Corps

of Engineers began
constructing dams in
Georgia for navigation
and flood control in the
1940s and 1950s under
the Flood Control Act of
1944 and the
Watershed Protection
and Flood Prevention
Act of 1954.

Flood Control Methods

Dams control the water
flow in a stream or river.
A levee is an
embankment designed to
prevent the flooding of a
river.
Storm drains are for
carrying off rainfall drained
from paved surfaces,
roofs, etc.

Beach Reclamation
Weather, waves and wind cause the
coastline to wash away.
Keeping sand dunes intact helps to
keep the beaches from eroding.

Stone Mountain
formed by plate tectonics

Emerson fault

Gorge

Providence Canyon, GA

Appalachian Mountains

Sand Mountain

Lime sinks-chemical dissolution

of rocks

Pine Mountain
Chain Rock and KY first state
park

Cumberland Falls
Only Falls with Moonbow

Beaches

Brasstown Bald
highest natural point in GA

Brevard Fault Zone

Cumberland Plateau

Lookout Mountain
last battle of Cherokees

Blue Ridge Mountains

Mississippi River
largest drain in USA