CC 608 BUILDING SERVICES

CHAPTER 1
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SYSTEM IN THE
BUILDING

Introduction

Electrical is the most prevalent form of

energy in a modern building.

An electric power failure can paralyze a

facility.

Electricity flowing in a conductor is called

current, which is measured in amperes ,
abbreviated as amp, amps or simply A.

Applications

Industrial

Residential use

Communication

Transportation

Entertainment

Generation

COMPONEN
T

Transmission

Distribution

Sources of electricity

Coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are

burned in large furnaces to heat water to
make steam that in turn pushes on the
blades of a turbine.

Nuclear power is a method in which steam

is produced by heating water through a
process called nuclear fission. In nuclear
power plants, a reactor contains a core of
nuclear fuel, primarily enriched uranium.

Hydropower is a process in which flowing

water is used to spin a turbine connected
to a generator.

Wind power is derived from the

conversion of the energy contained in
wind into power. Wind power, like the
sun. A wind turbine is similar to a typical
wind mill.

Biomass includes wood, municipal solid

waste (garbage), and agricultural waste
such as corn cobs and wheat straw. The
combustion of wood and waste creates
steam that is typically used in
conventional steam-electric plants.

Solar power is derived from the energy of

the sun. However, the sun's energy is
not available full-time and it is widely
scattered.

No
1
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Name of Power Station

Malim Nawar Power Station, Malim
Nawar,Perak.
Pantai Remis Power Station, Pantai Remis,
Perak.
Manjung Power Station, Manjung, Perak
Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Power
Station, Kapar, Selangor.Coal
Perai Power Station, Butterworth, Penang.
Tuanku Jaafar Power Station, Port Dickson,
Negeri Sembilan.
Tanjung Kling Power Station, Melaka.
Serdang Power Station, Serdang, Selangor.
Sultan Ismail Power Station, Paka,
Terengganu
Connaught Bridge Power Station, Klang,
Selangor
Empangan Kenyir, Terengganu
Empangan Temenggor, Grik.

Powered
by
Coal
Coal
Coal
Coal
Coal
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil & gas
steam
Hydro
Hydro

Distribution system National

Grid

The high-voltage electric power

transmission network in Peninsular
Malaysia.

It is operated and owned by Tenaga

Nasional Berhad (TNB) by its
Transmission Division

Terminology

Generator to produce electricity

Transformer to increase the low voltage to high

voltage and vice versa for transmission purpose
without much power loss

Transmission line a cable designed to carry and

distribute electricity to user.

Substation to control voltage before received

by user.

Phase in electrical supply

Phase 1

Phase 3

Phase 2

Electricity is generated by a coil of wire moving

through a magnetic field.

Each coil is called a phase and as there are

three coils, this is called a three phase
system.

The three winding end connected together at

the centre is called the neutral (denoted as 'N').

The other ends are called the live (denoted as

'L1', 'L2' and 'L3').

Colour codes : MALAYSIA

L1 - RED
L2 - YELLOW
L3 - BLUE
Neutral (N) - BLACK
Ground - GREEN

LIVE

Single phase of electrical supply

A single phase system is the most common

type of system most people are familiar with.

This is what people have in their homes and

what appliances are plugged in to.

Single-phase distribution is used when loads

are mostly lighting and heating with few
large electric motors.

Produced by a connection of neutral and live

cable. It will supplies 240V or 120V.

Types of transmission system :

i.

ii.

Single phase, two-wire

to supply 240V for residential use using
only two wires which are live and neutral.
Single phase, three-wire
consist of three wires with two live and one
neutral.

Three phase of electrical supply

Three-phase electric power is a common

method of electric power transmission.

It is a type of polyphase system mainly

used to power motors and many other
devices.

Three phase systems may or may not

have a neutral wire.

i.

ii.

iii.

Types of transmission system :

Three phase, three-wire
to supply 240V or 415V by using three live cables.
Three phase, three-wire and neutral
better than previous system which can supply
120V/240V and 240V/415V.
Three phase, four-wire
widely use in electrical industry where it can
supply 120V/240V and 240V/415V

Advantages of 3 phase over single

phase

Three-phase power allows heavy duty

industrial equipment to operate more
smoothly and efficiently.
3 phase power can be transmitted over
long distances with smaller conductor size
ability to start and operate larger motors
reduced costs for wiring and equipment
such as motors and controllers

A 3 phase transmission line is cheaper to

construct and more efficient for the same
amount of power and voltage.

Types of electrical wiring

3 types of electrical wiring :

Surface wiring / exposed wiring

Concealed wiring
Conduit wiring

Surface wiring / exposed wiring

Concealed wiring

Conduit wiring

Conductor

Electric current can flow freely.

Material which contains movable electric
charges.
Usually made of copper and aluminum and
are stranded to make the cable flexible.
Copper and aluminum :
i. low resistance
ii. Low cost
iii.Available
iv. Flexible
v. light weight

Conductor (cont)

Copper is a conductive material that is

widely used.
Conductor with the insulation known as
cable.
Cables can be either single conductor or
multiple conductor may be enclosed in a
single sheath.

Single conductor

Multiple conductor

Insulator

Resistance to the flow of electric

current.
If charge is transferred to an insulator at
a given location, the excess charge will
remain at the initial location of charging.

Insulating Materials

CERAMIC: Ceramics are used to fabricate

insulators, components and circuit boards.
GLASS: Glass insulation comes in a wide
variety of forms including solid glass, fiber
tapes, fiberglass sheets and mats, woven
tubing and cloth and various composites.
NYLON: Nylon has good resistance to
abrasion, chemicals and high voltages and
is often used to fashion electro-mechanical
components.

POLYSTYRENE: A clear insulator with superb

dielectric properties.

PVC: Polyvinylcloride or PVC is perhaps the most

common insulating material. Most wiring is
insulated with PVC including house wiring. PVC
tapes and tubing.

SILICONE/FIBERGLASS: Glass cloth impregnated

with a silicone resin binder makes an excellent
laminate with good dielectric loss when dry.

SILICONE RUBBER: A variety of silicone foam

rubbers are available for insulating and cushioning
electronic assemblies.

Insulating material for cable

i. Vulcanized rubber

a mixture of rubber and a curing ingredient

often sulfur.
the rubber more elastic, more durable, and more
resistant to extremes in temperature (60C).
Flammable material.

ii.

Butyl rubber
has excellent impermeability

the rubber more elastic, more durable and

more resistant to extremes in temperature
(85C).

PVC Plastic
. Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated
PVC
. Widely use as insulator
. is a thermoplastic polymer.
. turns to a liquid when heated and easily
hardened and cracked when frozen.
iii.

iv. Silicone rubber

generally non-reactive and stable

resistant to extreme environments and
temperatures from -55C to +300C while still
maintaining its useful properties.
Due to these properties and its ease of
manufacturing and shaping.

v.
.
.
.

Mineral insulator
Magnesium oxide insulation
Will not burn and waterproof sheath
Moisture resistant fittings which is
permits use in damp environments.
Withstands twisting, pulling, bending and
abrasion.

Electricity protection wiring

To protect insulating, wiring , switches

and other apparatus from the
destructive effects of overload and short
circuit current.

The most component devices employed

to fulfill this function are the lightning
arrestor, earthing, fuse and circuit
breaker.

Lightning arrestor

a device used on electrical power system

to protect the insulation on the system
from the damaging effect of lightning.

A fault current will flow to 'earth' through

the live conductor, provided it is
earthed .

Sequences

When a lightning bolt strikes, it usually (even

though not all the time) strikes these roof
electrical conductors.

The electrical current will be routed to the

ground through a conductor called lightning
earthing rod.

Once the electrical charge is routed into the

ground, the charge must be dissipated into
the mass of earth quickly enough.

The main objectives of the earthing are to :

Provide an alternative path for the fault

current to flow so that it will not endanger
the user.
Ensure that all exposed conductive parts
do not reach a dangerous potential.
Maintain the voltage at any part of an
electrical system at a known value so as
to prevent over current or excessive
voltage on the appliances or equipment .

The qualities of a good earthing system

are :

Must be of low electrical resistance

Must be of good corrosion resistance
Must be able to dissipate high fault
current
repeatedly.

Fuse

Overload current protection device.

is a metal wire or strip that melts when
too much current flows, which interrupts
the circuit in which it is connected.
Short circuit, overload or device failure is
often the reason for excessive current.

Types of fuses :

Rewireable fuses ( fius yang boleh didawai

semula)
Cartridge fuses ( fius katrij )
High rupturing capacity fuses ( fius
kapasiti pemutus tinggi )

Earthing ( ground)

exposed metal parts are connected to ground to

prevent contact with a dangerous voltage if
electrical insulation fails.

Grounding electrodes are driven several feet into

the ground soil using a hammer or powered rod
driver tools.

The connection is made at the top of each

electrode to the earthing conductor coming from
the electrical equipment to be grounded, or the
down conductor of the lightning protection system.

This connection must be protected and it

should be available for inspection and
servicing in the future.

Electrical grounding systems divert

potentially dangerous electrical currents
by providing a path between a buildings
service box andtheearth.

There are several methods of making a

connection to earth including the use of
rods, plates and tapes.

i. Rod Electrodes

the most popular earthing method in

everyday use is the rod earth electrode.

are usually of solid copper or copper-clad

carbon steel

The choice of length and diameter of such

a rod will depend on the soil conditions.

ii.Plate type

The plate type needs to be buried at a

sufficient depth to be effective with its
face vertically.

Plates may be 1 or 2 metres square,

considerable excavation maybe
necessary.

iii. Tape type

The tape type is predominantly used in

the earthingof large electricity
substations.

the tape is laid in trenches in a mesh

formation over the whole site.

Earthing system
These have been designated in the IEE
Regulations using the letters T, N, C and S.
These letters stand for:

T - earth
N - neutral
C - combined
S - separate

TT system
TT system has a direct connection of the
supply source neutral to earth and a direct
connection of the installation metalwork to
earth.

An example is an overhead line

supplywith earth electrodes, and the mass
of earth as a return path

TN-S system
TN-S system has the supply source neutral
directlyconnected to earth, the installation
metalwork connected to the earthed
neutral of the supply source via the lead
sheath of the supply cable, and the neutral
and protective conductors throughout the
whole system performingseparate
functions (Figure 2.8)

TN-C-S system
TN-C-S system is as the TN-S but the
supply cable sheath is also the neutral, i.e.
it forms a combined earth/neutral
conductor known as a PEN (protective
earthed neutral) conductor (Figure 2.9)

IEE wiring regulations

The IEE Wiring Regulations BS 7671 are

the national standard to which all
industrial and domestic wiring must now
conform.

The Regulations are produced by the IET,

fully known as the Institution of
Engineering and Technology.

IEE ( Institution of Electrical Engineer ) is

no longer exist.

Basic requirements of IEE wiring

regulations
The IEE Wiring Regulations are divided into seven (7) parts.
Part 1 - indicates the range and type of installations covered by
the Regulations, what they are intended for, and the basic
requirements for safety.
Part 2 - is devoted to the definitions of the terms used throughout
the Regulations.
Part 3 - details the general information needed and the
fundamental principles to be adopted before any design work can
usefully proceed.
Part 4 - informs the designer of the different methods available
for protection against electric shock, overcurrent, etc., and how
to apply those methods.

Part 5 - enables the correct type of equipment,

cable, accessory and etc. to be selected and
erected in accordance with the requirements
ofParts 14.
Part 6 - provides details of the relevant tests to
be performed on a completed installation
before it is energized.
Part 7 - deals with particular requirements for
special installations and locations such as
bathrooms, swimming pools, construction sites,
etc.

Basic requirement for safety

Use good workmanship.

Use approved materials and equipment.
Ensure that the correct type, size and
current-carryingcapacity of cables are
chosen.
Ensure that equipment is suitable for the
maximum power demanded of it.
Make sure that conductors are insulated,
and sheathed or protected if necessary, or
are placed in a position to prevent danger.

Joints and connections should be properly

constructed to be mechanically and electrically
sound.
Always provide overcurrent protection for every
circuit in an installation and ensure that
protective devices are suitablychosen for their
location and the duty they have to perform.
Ensure that any item of equipment which may
normallyneed operating or attending by persons
is accessible and easily operated.
After completion of an installation or an alteration
to an installation, the work must be inspected and
tested to ensure, as far as reasonably practicable,
that the fundamental requirements for safety
have been met

Activity 1
Discuss
1. Type of wiring
2. Conductor
3. Insulator
4. Fuse
5. Earthing system