EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT

APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT

PRESENTED BY:
RADHIKA GANDOTRA 45-MBA-2016
VIDHU ARORA
68-MBA-2016
SAHIL SHARMA 49-MBA-2016
NEHA SHARMA 37-MBA-2016

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION!
BASIC SCHEME OF PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY
PROCESS
EVOLUTION?
THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
CLASSICAL APPROACH
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
CONTRIBUTIONs FROM VARIOUS SCIENTISTs

Radhika
Gandotra
3

INTRODUCTION

Amanagementsystemistheframeworkofprocessesandprocedures
usedtoensurethatanorganizationcanfulfillalltasksrequiredto
achieveitsobjectives.

Itistheprocessofdesigningandmaintaininganenvironmentinwhich
individuals,workingtogetheringroups,efficientlyaccomplishtheir
selectedtasks.

Managementisallaboutgettingthingsdone

Basic scheme of production and

service delivery process

Evolution of Management
Theory

1920-1950

1900 - 1930

Classical
Managem
ent
School
Scientific
Administrative
Bureaucratic

NeoClassical
Manageme
nt School
Human
Relations
Behavioral

Modern
Managem
ent School
Quantitative
Systems
Contingency
Operational

THE
CLASSICAL
SCHOOL OF
MANAGEMENT

1900 - 1930

DEFINITION OF CLASSICAL APPROACH

Classical Approach is the oldest formal
school of thought which began around 1900
and continued into the 1920s.
It is the theory of management that
focuses on the productivity, output and
efficiency of workers.
It seeks to maximize the benefits of
consumers and investors at consistent and
fair levels.
Classical Approach includes SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT, ADMINISTRATIVE
MANAGEMENT & BUREAUCRATIC
MANAGEMENT.
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CLASSICAL APPROACH

Focuses on the
individual workers
productivity

Focuses on the
functions of
management

Focuses on the
overall
organizational
system

SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES

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SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES
Replacement of rule-of-thumb by science.

Scientific selection , training and placement of worker.

Cooperate with workers to ensure that the scientifically

developed methods are being followed.

Divide work equally between managers and workers so that the

managers apply scientific management principles to planning
the work & the workers actually perform the tasks.

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Frederick Taylor
Contribution
The Scientific School of
Management
Known as Father of Scientific
Management.
Published Principles of Scientific
Management.
Increased the Pay for Workers.
Organisational Productivity can be
increased by increasing efficiency of
the production process.

Criticism of Taylors
Contribution

14

The Consideration of the word Scientific

before Management was criticized .

His principles were confined to Production

management.

His principles violates the Principles of Unity

of Command.

Trade unionists criticized Taylors Principles as

the means to exploit workers due to the
reason that wages were not increased in
direct proportion to the increase in
productivity.

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Henry Gantt
Contribution
The Scientific School of
Management
Worked with F.W Taylor.
Modified Taylors Incentive System
when he worked independently.
Task and Bonus Plan.
Harmonius Cooperation between Labour
and Management.
Developed the Gantts Chart.
Stressed the need for Training.

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Frank and Lillian

Gillberths
Contribution
The Scientific School of
Management
Husband & Wife Team
Frank Gillberth - Known for Time and
Motion Studies.
Lillian Gillberth - An Industralist
psychologist , focused on ways of
promoting the individual workers welfare.
Scientific study may include the study
of Analysis and Synthesis.

CONTENTS
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT
FAYOLs 14 PRINCIPLES
BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT
BUREAUCRATIC PRINCIPLES
NEO-CLASSICAL APPROACH
HUMAN RELATIONS
CONTRIBUTIONs OF HRM

17
Vidhu
Arora

ADMINISTRATIVE
MANAGEMENT

Henry
Henry Fayol
Fayol (1841-1925)
(1841-1925) was
was the
the major
major contributor
contributor to
to administrative
administrative management
management approach.
approach.
FATHER
OF
MODERN
MANAGEMENT
FATHER OF MODERN MANAGEMENT

"To manage is to forecast and to plan,

to
organise,
to
command,
to
coordinate and to control".
- Henry Fayol
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FAYOLs PRINCIPLES OF
MANAGEMENT

1. Division of work

8. Centralization

2. Authority and responsibility

9. Scalar chain

3. Discipline

10. Order

4. Unity of command

11. Equity

5. Unity of direction

12. Stability

6. Subordination of individual interest to

the common good

13. Initiative

7. Remuneration of personnel

14. Esprit de corps

BUREAUCRATIC
MANAGEMENT

BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT
MAX
WEBER

FIVE
FEATURES

A German sociologist and historian who

envisioned a system of management
a bureaucracy is a highly structured, formalized
and impersonal organization.

Division of labor
Hierarchy of positions
Rules and Regulations
Impersonality
Employee selection and promotion
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NEOCLASSICAL
SCHOOL OF
MANAGEMENT

1920 - 1950

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Human Relation Movement

Elton Mayo (18801949) was an Australian
psychologist, sociologist, went to Harvard
University.
Spent most of his career at Harvard Business
School as Professor of Industrial Research.
Main focus was on the people working in an
organization.
Elton Mayo conducted a research activity in
Hawthorne Electric Plant in 1924 to research
effect of physical conditions on productivity called
as Hawthorne Studies.
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Contributions of HRM

A business organization is also a social

system.
A worker does not work for money only.
Employee-centric, democratic and
participative style of leadership is more
efficient.
A workers production norm is set and
enforced by his group not by time and
motion study.
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CONTENTS
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE APPROACH
CONTRIBUTIONS OF BEHAVIOURAL THEORY
MODERN SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
SYSTEM APPROACH
CONTIGENCY APPROACH
OPERATIONAL APPROACH

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Contributions of Behavioural
Theory
Advocates situational approach
Builds confidence among employees
A conducive environment is created

30

MODERN
SCHOOL OF
MANAGEMENT

QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
SYSTEM APPROACH
CONTIGENCY APPROACH
OPERATIONAL APPROACH

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KEY CONCEPTS OF SYSTEM

APPROACH
SUBSYSTEM
SYNERGY
OPEN SYSTEM
CLOSED SYSTEM
SYSTEM BOUNDARY
FLOWS
FEEDBACK
36

Characteristics of system approach

A system must have some specific components, units
orsub units.
A Change in one system affects the other
subsystems.
Every system is influenced by super system.
All systems along their subsystem must have some
common objectives.
A system is a goal-oriented.
A system cannot survive in isolation.
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FEATURES
Functions of managers
remain same
Functions of management
core of good management
Framework of management
Principles of management

41

CONTENTS
Introduction
Current Trends
Emerging Trends

NehaSharma
42

TREND
SECULAR TREND
MEDIUM DURATION TREND
SHORT PERIOD TREND
43

EMERGING BUSINESS?
Emerging Business is any kind
of business which is driven
by the new technology or
new product.

44

HOW IT WORKS

Emerging marketshave
lower per-capitaincomes
higher unemployment
lower levels of business
higher economic growth
rates.
45

Current trends

Focus On Connecting Customers

Selling Through Social Media
Workplace Flexibility

46

Emergence Of Modern
Management

It includes :
Contributions Of Public Administrators
Contributions Of Business Managers
Contribution Of Behaviouralists
Contributions Of System Scientists

47

Contributions Of Public
Administrators

A number of scholars bring about increase

efficiency in government by means of
personnel practices & better management.
Example- Woodrow Wilson, leading apostle,
sounded the call for efficient government.

Many public administrators have made

major contributions in personnel practices,
planning etc.

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Contributions Of Business
Managers

Most significant contributions in the field of

management theory have been given by
businessmen including Taylor, Fayol and
Barnard. Some of the theories (writings) given
by writers:

Russell Rob in 1910, based on his business

experience defines organization as a tool for
the efficient utilization of manpower and
materials, a tool which has been suited to the
circumstances of each organization.
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Sheldon in 1923 came up with The

Philosophy Of Management. Sheldon
thought of management as including
determination of policy, coordination of
functions, the execution of policy &
employment of organization.

Theory of Mooney and ReilleyThey combine the elements of an

organization into a logical pattern of
principle, process, effect.
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Contributions Of Behavioralists

HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTIt was carried out by Mayo & Roethlisberger in

1927.They disclosed that attitude towards
workers may be more efficient & productive
than such material factors as illumination &
even money.

Many sociologists such as Dubin, Selznick have

contributed through their works on groups,
cultural patterns & cooperation.
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Contributions Of System
Scientists
Some of the major contributors of system
theory were
o Katz and Kahn in Social systems.
o Forrester in Industrial systems.
o Operation research contributions of Stafford
Beer, Churchman and his associates, Hertz.
o Norbert Wiener on developing &
emphasizing feedback theory.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.bmmagazine.co.uk/in-business/advice/the-evolution-of-management/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_Management_Systems

http://www.academia.edu/3718412/Evolution_of_management

Principals and practice of management by lm prasad

http://embanet.vo.net/o18/USC/CMGT500/Week1/docs/CMGT500_w01_Chapter10.pdf

http://yourbusiness.com/evolution-management-theories-17356.html

http://faculty.wwu.edu/dunnc3/rprnts.historyofmanagementthought.pdf

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THANK YOU!