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Identifying Metamorphic Rocks

Identifying Metamorphic Rocks

Identifying Metamorphic Rocks

Identifying Metamorphic Rocks

Identifying Metamorphic Rocks

Identifying Metamorphic Rocks

METAMORPHISM

Fabric
Fabric of
of Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks
Rocks
Textures:
Textures:
Crystalloblastic
Crystalloblastic
-blastic
-blastic =
= results
results from
from
metamorphism
metamorphism
idioblastic
idioblastic
hypidioblastic
hypidioblastic
xenoblastic
xenoblastic
vs.
vs.

Noncrystalloblastic
Noncrystalloblastic
relict
relict
blastoblasto- =
= relict
relict

METAMORPHISM

Fabric
Fabric of
of Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks
Rocks
Textures:
Crystalloblastic
Crystalloblastic Series
Series
Idioblastic
Idioblastic

Rutile,
Rutile, sphene,
sphene, magnetite
magnetite
Tourmaline,
Tourmaline, kyanite,
kyanite, staurolite,
staurolite, garnet,
garnet, andalusite
andalusite
Epidote,
Epidote, zoisite,
zoisite, forsterite
forsterite
Pyroxenes,
Pyroxenes, amphiboles,
amphiboles, wollastonite
wollastonite
Micas,
Micas, chlorite,
chlorite, talc,
talc, stilpnomelane
stilpnomelane
Dolomite,
Dolomite, calcite
calcite
Scapolite,
Scapolite, cordierite,
cordierite, feldspars
feldspars
quartz
quartz

Xenoblastic
Xenoblastic

METAMORPHISM
Fabric
Fabric of
of Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks
Rocks
Textures:

Shape:
granoblastic
nematoblastic
lepidoblastic

METAMORPHISM

Fabric
Fabric of
of Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:
Textures:

Other textures:
porphyroblastic
poikiloblastic
augen
blastoporphyritic
blastoophitic

METAMORPHISM

Fabric
Fabric of
of Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:
Structure:
Lineation - any linear fabric

elements

Foliation - any planar fabric

element

Metamorphic rocks with predominantly nematoblastic minerals

are more correctly termed lineated, but are usually lumped in
with the foliated rocks.

METAMORPHISM

Fabric
Fabric of
of Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:
Structures Types of Foliation:
Slaty cleavage:

Traditionally: the property of a rock to split

sub-parallel, closelyspaced planes

along a regular set of

A more general concept adopted by some

geologists is to
consider cleavage to be
any type of foliation in which the
aligned platy phyllosilicates are too fine grained to see individually
with the unaided eye

METAMORPHISM

Fabric
Fabric of
of Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:
Structures Types of Foliation:
Schistosity:

A preferred orientation of inequant mineral

grains or grain aggregates produced by
metamorphic processes
Aligned minerals are coarse grained
enough to see with the unaided eye
The orientation is generally planar, but
linear orientations are not excluded

METAMORPHISM

Fabric
Fabric of
of Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:
Structure:
Gneissic (gneissose):

Either a poorly-developed schistosity or segregated into layers by

metamorphic processes
Gneissose rocks are generally coarse grained

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:

Metamorphic rocks may be named based on:

protolithology
structure (type of foliation)
structure and/or composition (nonfoliated + comp.)
chemistry

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:

Metamorphic rocks may be named based on:

protolithology
e.g.: meta-quartzite, meta- basalt, etc.
In the case of non-crystalloblastic rx, usually the most appropriate
method, otherwise not as descriptive as other methods

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:

Metamorphic rocks may be named based on:

protolithology
structure (type of foliation)
structure and/or composition (nonfoliated + comp.)
chemistry

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:

Metamorphic rocks may be named based on:

Structure (type of foliation)

The classical (and our) way of naming the foliated

(or lineated) metamorphic rocks
slate
phyllite
schist
gneiss

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:

Slate:

Phyllite:

compact, very fine-grained, metamorphic rock

with a well-developed cleavage. Freshly cleaved
surfaces are dull

a rock with a schistosity in which very fine

phyllosilicates (sericite/phengite and/or
chlorite), although rarely coarse enough to see
unaided, impart a silky sheen to the foliation
surface. Phyllites with both a foliation and
lineation are very common.

a
Slate

bPhyllite

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:
Schist:
a metamorphic rock exhibiting a
schistosity. By this definition
schist is a broad term, and
slates and phyllites are also
types of schists. In common
usage, schists are restricted to
those metamorphic rocks in
which the foliated minerals are
coarse enough to see easily in
hand specimen.

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:
Gneiss:
a metamorphic rock displaying
gneissose structure. Gneisses
are typically layered (also
called banded), generally with
alternating felsic and darker
mineral layers. Gneisses may
also be lineated, but must also
show segregations of felsicmineral-rich and dark-mineralrich concentrations

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:

Metamorphic rocks may be named based on:

protolithology
structure (type of foliation)
structure and/or composition (nonfoliated +

comp.)

chemistry

Composition may be used for some rocks which are structurally

nonfoliated

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:
Granofels - a comprehensive term for any isotropic rock (a rock with no
preferred orientation; aka granulites)
Hornfels - a type of granofels that is typically dark,
very fine-grained
and
compact, and occurs in
contact aureoles
Marble - composed predominantly of calcite or dolomite; protolith is
typically limestone or dolomite
Quartzite - composed predominantly of quartz; protolith is typically
sandstone
Amphibolite composed primarily of hornblende
and plagioclase; may
also be foliated, e.g.
amphibolite gneiss

Marble

Quartzite

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:

Metamorphic rocks may be named based on:

protolithology
structure (type of foliation)
structure and/or composition (nonfoliated +
chemistry

comp.)

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:
Common metamorphic rx fall into 6 chemical classes (approximated
by mineralogy):
Pelitic derivatives of aluminous sediments, e.g. shales,
mudstones
Quartzo-feldspathic derivative of quartz and/or feldspar-rich
rocks such as arenites, felsic igneous rx
Calcareous derivatives of calcareous sediments
Mafic derivatives of mafic to intermediate
igneous rocks
Magnesian derivatives of ultramafic rx
Ferruginous derivatives of Fe-rich
protoliths, usually
sedimentary

METAMORPHISM
Naming
Naming Metamorphic
Metamorphic Rocks:
Rocks:
Other names:
there are a number of names used for very
specific rock types,
e.g. serpentinite, skarn,
blueschist, greenschist, mylonite, eclogite,
cataclasite will deal with later
Modifiers:
names usually modified based on:
mineralogy
e.g. mica schist, tourmaline schist
chemistry
e.g. magnesian schist, ferruginous slate
protolithology
e.g. granite gneiss, pelitic hornfels

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

FOLIATED

The common foliated rocks in the order of increasing grain size are

SLATE PHYLLITE SCHIST GNEISS

NON-FOLIATED

Quartzites and Hornfels

STRESS

FOLIATED

Foliasi

Slate

schist

gneiss texture

CLASSIFYING METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
TEXTURE:

the size, shape and

distribution of particles in a rock
texture is determined by grade of
metamorphism
Low

grade: (200-4000C) and low pressures (from

1-6 kilobars)

Intermediate

grade: (300-6000 c) occurs at a

variety of temperatures and pressures.
High grade: at higher temperatures (600-10000C)
and at pressures of ~ 12-15 kilobars

FOLIATED TEXTURES
Foliated

texture: more pressure and

mineral grains realign themselves and

grow into larger crystals

Three

types of foliated texture:

Rock or Slaty Texture

Schistosity
Gneissic Texture

ROCK SLATY TEXTURE SLATE

Shale

metamorphosed to Slate:

clay minerals (stable at surface

temperatures and pressures) become
unstable and recrystallize into mica
crystals
Slate is formed under Low-Grade
Metamorphism

SCHISTOCITY - SCHIST

More extreme pressures and temperatures: mica

crystals grow even larger - ~ 1 cm in diameter.
rock has scaly appearance - schistosity,
referred to as a Schist.

Schists form under Intermediate-Grade

Metamorphism
Schists named for the mineral constituents in
the parent rock:
mica schist
talc schist
garnet schist

GNEISSIC TEXTURE - GNEISS

Light and dark silicate minerals separate
and re-align themselves into bands
Rocks with this texture are called Gneiss
Gneiss forms from High Grade
Metamorphism
Typical parent rocks for Gneiss

granite
diorite
gabbro
shale.

NON-FOLIATED TEXTURES
Rocks

with only one mineral

metamorphose without a visibly
foliated texture
Limestone metamorphoses into
Marble as the interlocking calcite
crystals grow larger
Quartz Sandstone metamorphoses
into Quartzite

METAMORPHIC ENVIRONMENTS

CONTACT METAMORPHISM

Metamorphism of a rock touched by the intense heat of migrating magma.

REGIONAL METAMORPHISM

Burial metamorphism - occurs when rocks are overlain by

more than 6 miles of rock or sediment
Dynamothermal metamorphism - occurs when rocks are
caught between two convergent plates during mountain
building

OTHER METAMORPHIC ENVIRONMENTS

Hydrothermal metamorphism - chemical alteration of preexisting

rocks by hot seawater near seafloor spreading or subduction zones

Fault metamorphism - occurs as rocks grinding past one another

create a form of directed pressure, as well as considerable frictional
heat
Shock metamorphism - occurs when a meterorite strikes the Earth
surface, resulting in tremendous pressures and temperatures at the
impact sites. The shocked minerals do not fracture, but rather
recrystallize

SLATY CLEAVAGE
-

usually formed during the early stage of

Low-grade Metamorphism due to lithostatic
stress.

New sheet-structure minerals tends to be

parallel to the bedding planes during
metamorphism.
-

however, further deep burial

along the continental margin;
compressional forces will cause
deformation (folding).

- hence, the sheet minerals as well

as foliation will no longer be
parallel to the bedding planes,
such type of foliation in fine
grained rocks is called slaty
cleavage.

Shale

Slate

PHYLLITES
- Usually associated with intermediate grade of
metamorphism; where the mineral grains grows large in
size as compare to that seen in slates
- This develops a pronounced foliation where the preferred
oriented minerals are seen.

SCHISTOSE STRUCTURE

- usually formed during intermediate and high grade metamorphism

- Grain size increases and can be seen by naked eye; grains tends to
enlarge with increasing grade of metamorphism; the coarse grained
sheet-structure minerals show preferred orientation
- grain size is the main difference between the slaty structure and
schistos structure.

GNEISSIC STRUCTURE

usually associated with high-grade regional metamorphism (where

differential stress prevails I.e. tectonic forces)

where
the
sheet
silicates
and
other
minerals
like
quartz/feldspars/hornblende/pyroxene are segregated in distinct bands
in the rocks- known as gneissic banding.

Classification of Metamorphic rocks

based on texture/structures

SLATE

-strongly cleaved rock

-cleavage planes are developed due to orientation of fine phyllosilcate grains
eg. Muscovite, biotite, chlorite etc.
-individual grains too fine to be visible with naked eye
-overall dull appearance

PHYLLITE
-similar
to
slate,
but
slightly
coarser
phyllosilicate grains
-grains can be seen in hand specimen, giving silk
appearance to cleavage surfaces
-often cleavage planes less perfectly planar than
slates

SCHIST
-parallel alignment of moderately coarse grains
(fabric=schistocity)
-grains are visible by eye
-mainly phyllosilicates and other minerals such as
hornblende, kyanite etc.

GNEISS
-coarse grained rock (grain size several millimetres) and
-foliated (planar fabric: either schistosity or compositional layering)
-tendency for different minerals to segregate into layers parallel to
foliation (gneissic layering): typically quartz and feldspar rich layers
tend to separate from micaceous layers.
Varieties:
--Orthogneiss: rocks formed from Igneous rocks
-- paragneiss: rocks formed from Sedimentary rocks
-metasedimentary gneisses

QUARTIZITE
-it

comprise equidimensional minerals viz. quartz and feldspars

Non foliated; show GRANULOSE STRUCTURE

-Importance of Metamorphic rocksSLATES

Fine grained impermeable, cleavable and soft

Incompetent; cannot withstand great loads
But since they are impermeable and split easily; thin large sized slabs of
uniform thickness can be extracted for roofing purpose.
Economic importance: Since they are bad conductor of electricity used
in electrical industries for switch board base

slate

PHYLLITES
- Usually associated with intermediate grade of
metamorphism; where the mineral grains grows large in
size as compare to that seen in slates
- This develops a pronounced foliation where the preferred
oriented minerals are seen.

phyllite

GNEISS

Gneissic rocks are rich in SILICA i.e. predominantly

Quartz and Feldspars along with garnet, pyroxene,
Hornblende etc.
Non-porous and impermeable nature increases the strength
of the rock
Foliated character to some extend improves workability
Load perpendicular to foliated planes gives more stronger
foundation

gneiss

If mineral assemblage is more or less similar to

Granite (with less % mafic minerals) then:
It is used as building stone
As aggregate for making concrete
As road metals etc.

SCHIST

Mainly composed of prismatic or platy minerals, which contributes in

development of Schistose Structure. Eg. Hornblende, tourmaline,
sillimanite etc (prismatic); chlorite, muscovite, biotite, talc, kyanite etc.
(platy)
Cleavable nature of Schists is the main reason for their weakness; they
are incompetent

QUARTZITE

SANDSTONE (composed of quartz/feldspars/feldspathoid minerals)

when under go metamorphism result into Quartzite.
Granulose texture/structure (Granoblastic) makes them most competent
rock amongst all other metamorphic rocks.
Because metamorphism of Sst. Result disappearance of cementing
material, bedding planes, fossil content etc.
Quartzites are compact, hard and strong; very less porous and less
permeable than the parent Sst.
Predominance of Quartz makes the rock very hard and suitable for
road metal; can be used as concrete aggregate etc.
Acts as strong foundation for any CE structure.

quartzite

MARBLE

Latin word Marmor Shining stone.

Calcareous metamorphic rock
Though it shows granulose structure it is not as hard as Quartzite
because of its Calcareous composition; but can withstand reasonable
load.
Due to its pleasant colour and brilliant appearance when polished it is
extensively used as building stone.

Calcite

Marble

Fasies Metamorfisme

FACIES GRADE

FACIES