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Fire Safety-Objectives
Occupant protection
the system is designed to protect occupants
for the time needed to evacuate or relocate
them
Structural Integrity
to be maintained for the time to evacuate or
relocate the occupants
Causes of fire
70-80% fires are electrical fires due to
short circuiting leading to fire because of
Overloading
Loose Connection
Sub-standard and naked Wires
Fractured Insulation
Improper Earthing
NFPA 130
Contd.
To prevent electrical fires
Contd.
Depending upon the degree of fire load and the degree of
protection required for life safety, Fire Resistance Periods
(FRP) are prescribed for different areas of station.
Compartments
Underground Structures
Signaling, Telecommunication,
UPS Rooms, Station Control Room, Tunnel
Ventilation, Ancillary Buildings, Protected staircases,
DG ,Pump, and Fuel Storage Rooms
Contd.
All plant rooms separated from the public
circulation spaces
by Fire Resistance Period of 2 hrs.
Each plant room
a separate compartment
Staff and other areas
separated from public spaces
For staff areas only, place of safety is the area
outside the compartment of the fire
Contd.
Typical compartmentation plan
Platform plan
Concourse Plan
Contd.
Fire Doors
3 criteria door i.e. Stability, Integrity and Insulation
(NFPA specifies temperature differential on the unexposed
surface in 30 mins as a measure of insulation)
Conforms to NFPA 101 Specifications
Installation as per NFPA 80
Tested as per NFPA 252
Doors used in stairway- the max. temperature increase on
the unexposed surface of the door should not exceed 232
C above ambient at the end of 30 mins. of exposure
Contd.
Smoke Management
To ensure that the escape routes are not full of smoke
To provide a safe passage to fire fighters to reach fire
location
Means of Escape
To evacuate passengers from platform and train to a point of safety
without hindrance
Calculations made for each station, at least 2 means of egress
remote from each other planned
NFPA 130 guidelines followed
The total Evacuation time (NFPA 5.5.6)
From platform to a point of relative safety
4 mins
To a point of ultimate safety
6 mins
Travel distance (NFPA5.5.6.1.1)
the max. travel distance on the platform to point of egress shall not be exceed
100 mts.
Contd.
Occupant Load (NFPA 5.5.5.6)
the peak period occupant load for each platform calculated
for the following scenario and checked for each situation
Normal Operation
entraining load + detraining load for peak direction & off-peak direction
platforms
Delayed Operation
2 missed headway entraining load + detraining load for peak direction
platform & entraining load + detraining load for off-peak direction
platform
Minimum area of 0.5sq.mts / passenger is provided at the platform
Emergency Operation
1 missed headway entraining load for peak direction platform +
entraining load for off-peak direction platform + 1 full train load
Minimum area of 0.2sq.mts / passenger is provided at the platform
Contd.
Tunnels (NFPA 6.2.2)
A walkway 610 mm wide planned inside the tunnels to
evacuate passengers at any point so that they can
proceed to the nearest station
The max. distance permitted between 2 exits
762 mts
The max. distance permitted between 2 cross passages
244 mts
Walkway provided on cross passage side
Cross passages permitted if the two track ways separated
by 2 hr rated fire walls
Cross passages distance from platform end
Door in cross passage 1 hr fire rating
503 mts
Contd.
Emergency lighting (NFPA 6.2.5)
Contd.
One hose reel provided to cover every 45 mts of floor
space in the concourse area
wet fire main provided to cover the platform and
concourse level and supply water to fire hoses
A uniform fire fighting pressure maintained
65mm dia, 30 mts long 4 nos. coiled synthetic hoses and
1 multi purpose branch pipe with shut off facilities
provided in Hose cabinet
In tunnels
A wet fire main 150 mm in dia provided in each tunnel
with twin outlets at 50 mts interval
Contd.
Portable extinguishers
Portable CO2 extinguishers installed in all electrical
switch rooms substations, platform equipment cabinets,
operational rooms and communication rooms
Contd.
Gas flooding
For the Auxiliary/ Traction substation
Comprises of inergen gas released automatically by the
fire detection system
Monitored by fire detection system
Interlinked with ECS so that supply, return and relief
dampers are closed on release of gas
Capable of operating manually too
Important to note
All the measures will fail and not work
at the time of need
if they are not properly maintained. It will only
give a false sense of safety.
Also if persons who are supposed to operate do
not know how to operate or what to do in case of
fire
Contd.
Switch off appliance after use and remove plug
from the socket
Faulty electrical appliance should be repaired/
replaced immediately
Use one socket for one plug
Keep the electrical wires away from hot & wet
surfaces
Staff Training
Fire/Evacuation Drills carried out regularly
All persons know what to do in case of Fire
Imparted elementary training to all the staff at the
time of induction
Regular refresher courses held at regular intervals
Emergency Organization for fire management set
up set up
Contd.
In case of fire
Alert Station staff and line controller, inform Fire Brigade
Initiate operation of fire suppression equipment
Initiate automatic public address system message on
confirmation of station manager
Initiate smoke extraction measures
Close all doors, windows behind you
Leave the premises by nearest Exit
Thank You