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MICROSCOPE
An ancient Greek word
Mikrs = small
Skopen = to look or see
Not to be seen by naked eye.
The science of investigating these objects that are not
seen by naked eye -Microscopy.
HISTORY
1590 Two Dutch eye glass makers, Zaccharias Janssen and
son Hans Janssen used multiple lenses placed in tube.
1893 - August kohler gave key principle of sample illuminationKohler illumination, is center to achieve theoretical limits of light
microscopy.
TERMS
Resolution
Ability to distinguish (resolve) two close-together points as
separate.
Contrast
Differences in intensity between two objects, or between an
object and background
Magnification
Degree of enlargement.
Total Magnification
Magnification of objective Power of Eye-piece
Numerical Aperture
Relates to extent to which light is concentrated by condenser
and collected by objective.
Compound
Electron
Transmission Scanning
Light Dark-field
Fluorescent
Phase-Contrast
Compound
Microscope
Electron Microscope
Source
of Source
of
illuminationDay
illuminationDay
light
or electrical light.
Only one glass
Two sets of glass
lens for magnifying
lenses
for
objects.
magnifying
objects.
Total magnification
is by one lens.
Total magnification
is
the
Uses- Botany lab
for studying plant
multiplication
of
anatomy.
eyepiece
and
objective
magnifications.
Uses- Studying the
structure
of
different objects.
Source
of
illuminationBeam of electrons.
Instead
glass
lenses,
electron
optical
lenses
used.
Magnification
is
very high up to
10,000,00.
UsesStudying
ultrastructures.
COMPOUND
COMPOUND
MICROSCOPES
MICROSCOPES
LIGHT MICROSCOPES
LIGHT MICROSCOPES
PRINCIPLE OF LIGHT
MICROSCOPE
COMPONENTS OF
MICROSCOPE
Eyepiece
Body Tube
Revolving Nosepiece
Objective Lens
Stage Clips
Diaphragm
Light
Arm
Stage
Coarse Focus
Fine Focus
Base
COMPONENTS OF
MICROSCOPE
Supporting
Illumination
Adjustment
Magnification
A. Supporting System :-
Revolving Nose-piece
Limb
Mechanical Stage
Stage
Foot
Eye-Piece lens -
4 times
6 times
10 times
Objective lens
Magnifying power of objective is engraved on sleeves of lens:
Total Magnification
Laboratory Microscope provides magnification of :
(Eye-piece Objective)
Magnification
104
1010
1040
10100
= 40 (Scanner)
= 100 (Low Power)
= 400 (High Power)
=1000(Oil Immersion)
Total
COLOR BANDS ON
OBJECTIVE LENS
Color band is a quick reference to the objective
magnification :
-
4x
10x
40x
100x
=
=
=
=
Red
Yellow
Light Blue
White
C. Illumination System
Day light
Electrical light
Mirror
It reflects rays from light source on to the
object. Two sides are Concave side and other
is Plane side.
Condenser
- Situated between mirror and stage.
- Function - To bring rays of light to common focus on
objective to be
examined.
Condenser
Open Diaphragm
Closed Diaphragm
Diaphragm
- Found within the condenser
- Function- To reduce or increase the amount of light.
D. Adjustment System
Coarse adjustment Screw Used to achieve an
approximate focus.
Coarse adjustment Screw
Fine adjustment screw
LIGHT MICROSCOPES
Instrument use
Visible light
&
Magnifying lenses
STEPS OF USING
MICROSCOPE
Mount the specimen on the stage
Optimize the lighting
Adjust the condenser
Think about what you are looking for
Focus, locate, and center the specimen
Adjust eyepiece separation, focus
Select an objective lens for viewing
Adjust illumination for the selected objective lens.
Distance b/w front lens of objective & objective slide (when image is
focused) :
OBJECTIVEWORKING DISTANCE
10
5.0 6.0 mm
40
2.5 1.5 mm
hjhjk.mp4
Use
(100) :
C.
of
Oil
Immersion
Objective
Harit1.mp4
APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT
MICROSCOPE
A. In examining Wet Mounts at 40:
Condenser half way down.
Diaphragm also half open.
Illumination light also low.
HOW TO CARRY
MICROSCOPE???
Right way
Wrong Way
maintenance
and
care
Cleaning of Microscope
A. Cleaning the objective: Dry objective - Use linen cloth.
Oil immersion objective- Remove oil with absorbent paper
Use Xylene and dry cloth.( Careful xylene
can
cause removal of objective cement)
B. Cleaning Eye-piece:
D. Stage:
CLEANING OF
MICROSCOPE
THANKYOU