Calorime

try
Franz Laurence L. Alvarez
Louise Gabrielle M. Valdez

Theoretical
Framework
Calorimetry

Science of measuring the heats of reaction

Calorimetric techniques: based on the
measurement of heat that may be:

Generated (exothermic)
Consumed (endothermic)
Dissipated

In measuring change in enthalpy (H):

Construct a surroundings retains heat, where

temperature change is observed

Theoretical
Framework
Calorimeter

Apparatus used to measure heat released

or absorbed
Acts as the surroundings

Changes temperature when heat is transferred to

or from the system

Calorimeter:

Theoretical
Framework
Heat capacity

Quantity of heat required to change an

objects temperature by 1K

Specific heat capacity

Quantity of heat required to change the

temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1K

Theoretical
Framework
The heat released (Q) by a reaction is

absorbed by the calorimeter and any

substances in the calorimeter.
The following energy balance exists if the
only substance in the calorimeter is water:
0 = Qcal + Qwater
Remember: First law of Thermodynamics
when energy is transferred from one object
to another, it appears as work and/or as
heat

Experimental

Part A: Calorimeter Constant

10mL of tap
water

Calorimeter
with
thermometer

10mL of hot
water

Record
temperature
until 3 identical
readings

Heat to
50oC (use

This is the
initial
temperature of
calorimeter
and water.

50mL of tap
water

another
thermometer)

Calorimeter
with tap water

Record
temperature every
3s until temp
becomes constant
for 4 successive
readings.

This is the
final
/equilibrium
temperature
.

Part B: Heat of Fusion

10mL of
tap water

Calorimeter
with
thermometer

Calorimeter
with tap
water
Record temperature
every 3s until temp
becomes constant
for 4 successive
readings.

This is the
final
/equilibrium
temperature.

Record
temperature
until 3
identical
readings
Determine weight
of beaker with
tissue and weight
of ice.

This is the
initial
temperature
of
calorimeter
and water.

Weigh 10g of
ice in beaker
with tissue
paper at
bottom

Part C: Heat of Reaction

Record
temperature of
each reagent

Set I:
5.5mL 6M HCl + 4.5mL
6M NaOH
Set II
5.5mL 6M HOAc +
4.5mL 6M NaOH
Set III
5.5mL 6M HCl + 4.5mL
6M NH4OH

Read temperature
(initial temp)
Place in water bath
if temp is not equal

Record temperature
every 3s until temp
becomes constant

Measure
volume

Mix reagents
in calorimeter

Results

Part A
Time (s)
Temperature
(oC)

0
40

3
41

6
41

9
41

12
41

15
41

Mass of tap water: 10g

Mass of hot water: 10g
Initial temperature of tap water: 35oC
Initial temperature of hot water: 50oC
Equilibrium temperature: 41oC
Calorimeter constant, cal/oC: 5 cal/oC

Part A.

Results

Part B
Mass of tap water: 10g
Mass of ice + beaker +
tissue: 34.45g
Mass of beaker + tissue:
24.39g
Mass of ice: 10.06g
Initial temperature of tap
water: 34oC
Initial temperature of ice: 0oC
Equilibrium temperature: 7oC
Calorimeter constant: 5
cal/oC
Heat of fusion of ice, cal/g:
37.74 cal/g

Time (s)

Temp (oC)

Time (s)

Temp (oC)

23

33

8.5

20

39

17

42

15

45

7.5

12

13

48

7.5

15

12

51

18

11

54

21

10

55

24

10

57

27

30

Part B.

Results

Part C.

Set I: 5.5mL 6M HCl +

4.5mL 6M NaOH
Mols of HCl: 0.033 mols
Mols of NaOH: 0.027
mols
Mols of limiting
reagent: 0.027 mols
H of neutralization:
-15.56 x 103 cal/mol

Time (s)

Temperature (oC)

35

45

54

58

12

60

15

62

18

63

21

63

24

63

27

63

Part C: Set I

Part C.

Set II: 5.5mL 6M HOAc

+ 4.5mL 6M NaOH
Mols of HOAc: 0.033
mols
Mols of NaOH: 0.027
mols
Mols of limiting
reagent: 0.027 mols
H of neutralization:
-3.61 x 103 cal/mol

Time (s)

Temperature (oC)

50

55

56

56.5

12

56.5

15

56.5

Part C: Set II

Part C.

Set III: 5.5mL 6M HCl +

4.5mL 6M NH4OH
Mols of HCl: 0.033 mols
Mols of NH4OH:
0.027 mols
Mols of limiting
reagent: 0.027 mols
H of neutralization:
-13.33 x 103 cal/mol

Time (s)

Temperature (oC)

34

43

49

52

12

55

15

56

18

57

21

57.5

24

58

27

58

30

58

Discussion

Part A: Calorimeter Constant

Qhot water + Qtap water + Qcalorimeter = 0

*Q = m c t ; Qcalorimeter = ccalorimeter t

Qcal = -mtapcttap mhotcthot

Part A: Calculations
Qcal

= -mtapcttap mhotcthot

= -(10g) (1.00 cal/goC) [(41-35) + (41-50)]oC

= 30 cal
Ccal

= Qcal/t

= 30cal / (41-35)oC = 5 cal/oC

Discussion

Part B: Heat of Fusion

Hfusion

mice

= (-Qice Qtap Qcal)

Part B: Calculations

Hfusion = -Qice Qtap Qcal mice

= {[-10.06g(4.184J/goC)(7-0)oC]
[10g(4.184J/goC)(7-34)oC]
[(5cal/oC)(7-34)oC(4.184J/cal)]}
10.06g
= 139.15 J/g 33.25 cal/g

Discussion

Part C: Heat of Neutralization

Hneut = (-Qcal Qsoln) mollimiting

Hneut = (-Ccalt msolncspt) mollimiting

Hneut = [-msolncsp(tf - ti) Ccal (tf - ti)]

mollimiting

Part C: Set I: Calculations

Hneut = (-Qcal Qsoln) mollimiting

Hneut = (-Ccalt msolncspt) mollimiting

Hneut = [-msolncsp(tf - ti) Ccal (tf - ti)]

mollimiting

= [(-10g)(1.00cal/goC)(63-35)oC
(5cal/ oC)(63-35)oC] 0.027 mol
= -15.56 x 103 cal/mol

Part C: Set II: Calculations

Hneut = (-10g)(1.00cal/goC)(56.5-50)oC

(5cal/oC)(56.5-50)oC 0.027 mol

= -3.61 x 103 cal/mol

Part C: Set III: Calculations

Hneut = (-10g)(1.00cal/goC)(58-34)oC

(5cal/oC)(58-34)oC 0.027 mol

= -13.33 x 103 cal/mol

COMPARISON OF VALUES

Experimental
Values
Hfusion = 139.15 J/g
Hneut(SET I) = -15.56 x
103 cal/mol
Hneut(SET II) = -3.61 x
103 cal/mol
Hneut(SET III) = -13.33 x
103 cal/mol

Theoretical Values
333.55 J/g
-13.48 x 103 cal/mol

-13.42 x 103 cal/mol

-11.92 x 103 cal/mol

Conclusion and
Recommendation

Calorimetry is very helpful in determining

heats of reaction especially in chemistry
experiments. We found out that heat is
related with temperature and it can be
defined in many ways.
Conservation of energy is also a part of
heat processes were heat is neither created
or destroyed but instead, it is passed on by
the system to the surroundings or vice versa.
Conservation of such energy gives definition
for endothermic and exothermic reactions.

Conclusion and
Recommendation

Calorimeter constant is the specific heat of

the calorimeter. Specific heats of different
calorimeters vary from each other.
The heat of fusion is the amount of thermal
energy which must be absorbed or evolved
for 1 mole of a substance to change states
from a solid to a liquid or vice versa. The heat
of fusion in the experiment may be positive or
negative with respect to different substances.
It is endothermic in the experiment with
respect to ice.

Conclusion and
Recommendation

The heat of neutralization is the

amount of heat involved (either given off
or absorbed) in the neutralization reaction
of acids and bases to form salt and water.

Different factors affect the experiment

that led to different experimental errors
and that not all experimental
measurements were so accurate.