Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Philosophy - Etymology
philia (love) + sophia (wisdom) = love of wisdom
Rationalism
Descartes
Locke
Spinoz
a
Leibniz
Berkeley
Hume
Empiricism
Wolf
Kant
Jan 2, 2007
Pharmacology
Group I
Group II
Group III
Ancient philosophy
Medieval philosophy
Modern philosophy:
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Political philosophy
Aesthetics
Continental philosophy
Philosophy of religion
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Philosophy of science
What defines a law of nature?
How does it differ from other claims about the world?
How if at all are scientific theories justified by evidence?
How can we know that our laws of nature
describe features of the world that will persist next time
we examine it?
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Epistemology
concerned with the nature, scope and structure of
knowledge.
what knowledge is
analysis of the concept to guide us in :
determining the scope of knowledge,
deciding how much knowledge we have.
attempt to answer sceptical challenges to the
sources that are usually assumed to ;
produce knowledge,
sources such as perception,
memory,
testimony of others,
various kinds of reasoning.
14
Metaphysics
treats the concept of existence (or being) along with a
host of related concepts.
different sorts of entities thought to exist. To mention a
few: stones, tables, dogs, people, unicorns, phlogiston,
quarks, spacetime, events, obligations, numbers,
properties, propositions, thoughts, minds, souls, ghosts,
and God.
think of any significant feature these entities would
have in common, if they all really did exist, beyond
simply existing.
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Ontology
philosophicalstudyofthenatureofbeing,becoming,existence,or
reality,aswellasthebasiccategoriesofbeingandtheirrelations.
Philosophy of mind
studiesthenatureofthemind,mentalevents,mentalfunctions,mentalproperties,
consciousness,andtheirrelationshiptothephysicalbody,particularlythebrain.
Philosophy of action
theoriesabouttheprocessescausingwillfulhumanbodilymovementsofamoreor
lesscomplexkind.Thisareaofthoughthasattractedthestronginterestof
philosopherseversinceAristotle'sNicomacheanEthics(ThirdBook).
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Logic
the study of good reasoning.
what makes good reasoning good.
the kind of connection between the premises from
which we reason and the conclusions at which we
arrive.
a normative discipline: it aims to elucidate how we
ought to reason.
Reasoning is at the heart of philosophy, so logic has
always been a central concern for philosophers.
17
Ethics
enterprise, and what qualifications do they bring to it?
particularly reflective or analytical, faces moral questions
about what to do, and more generally about what things
should be valued.
Depending on temperament, the questions people think
about may be straightforwardly practical
more abstract (What is the good life? What is justice? Why
should we be moral?).
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BIDANG/WILAYAH FILSAFAT
Estetika
Etika,
Religi
MANUSIA
Filsafat Ilmu
Logika
Metodologi
PhilosophyofScience
Scienceisthestudyofalternative
explanations.Whatisanexplanation?
Explanation
Anexplanationisananswertothequestion,
Whydoesthathappen?
Anexplanationisalsocalledatheory.
Itconsistsofstatementsfromwhichone
candeducethephenomenatobeexplained.
Itmustsatisfyseveralcriteria
CriteriaforExplanation
Deductive
Meaningful
Predictive
Causal
General
DIALEKTIKAADALAHPENGETAHUANMETAFISIKA
YANGMENDATANGKANATAUMENGHASILKAN
PENGETAHUANTERTINGGI
4. LOGIKA(METODEBERFIKIRDENGANMENGGUNAKANPENALARANLOGISDANSISTEMATIS
DENGANBERDASARKANPADAHUKUMDANKETENTUANYANGBERLAKU)
2.
MEMAHAMISEJARAHPERTUMBUHAN,PERKEMBANGANDAN
KEMAJUANILMUDIBERBAGAIBIDANG,SEHINGGAKITA
MENDAPATGAMBARANTENTANGPROSESILMUKONTEMPORER
SECARAHISTORIS
3.
MENJADIPEDOMANPARADOSEN,MAHASISWA,AKADEMISIDAN
PRAKTISIKEILMUANUNTUKMENDALAMISTUDIUTAMANYA
DALAMMEMBEDAKANPERIHALILMIAH DAN NON ILMIAH
4.MENDORONGCALONILMUAN,ILMUANDANPARA
AKADEMISIAGARKONSISTEN MENGGALI DAN
MENGEMBANGKAN ILMU PENGETAHUANNYA
5.MEMPERTEGASBAHWADALAMPERSOALANILMU
-PENGETAHUAN DAN AGAMA TIDAK ADA
PERTENTANGAN DAN TIDAK PERLU
DIPERTENTANGKAN
6.MENDUDUKKANRANAHILMUPENGETAHUANDENGAN
PERSOALANSENIDANKEINDAHANBERADADALAM
SATUKUTUB YANG SAMA DAN TIDAK TERPISAHKAN
ManfaatFilsafatIlmu
Pertama,kemampuanmengamatifenomenadisekelilingnyadengancermat
danakanbergunabagipenelitiannya(pengamatan/observasi)terhadapberbagai
gejalaatauperistiwa,menemukandata,merumuskanhipotesis,danpembuktian
teori.
Kedua,kemampuananalisissecarakritis,baiksecarasintesis,dialeksis,
komparatif,maupundialogis.
Ketiga, dapatmelihat,meramalkan,ataumemprediksihubunganantaragejala
satusegalalainnyasecaralogisdanhubunganantaragejalasatudangejala
lainnyasecaralogisdansistematis.
Keempat,mampumemecahkanberbagaimasalahatauproblem,baikyang
berkaitandenganduniailmiahmaupunyangproblem,baikyangberkaitan
denganduniailmiahmaupunyangberkaitandenganduniapengetahuanlainnya
(duniakerja)secaratuntasdancermatatasdasarpertimbanganrasionalatau
logis.
Kelima,mampumengembangkanpenalaransertamampumelahirkan
kreativitasdalamkegiatanilmiah(sepertimenciptakandanmengembangkan
teorisertateknologiyangtepatbagimasyarakat.
PENGERTIAN
PENGETAHUAN
1.TAHUKESELURUHANYANGDIKETAHUIYANGBELUMTERSUSUN,BAIK
MENGENAIMETAFISIKMAUPUNFISIK
2.INFORMASIYANGBERUPACOMMONSENSEMASIHTERSERAKDANUMUM
3.ILMUSEPERTILIDIYANGSUDAHDIRAUTDANTELAHMENJADI
SEKUMPULANSAPULIDI,SEDANGPENGETAHUANSEPERTILIDI-LIDIYANG
MASIHBERSERAKANDIPOHONKELAPA,DIPASAR,DANTEMPATLAINYANG
BELUMTERSUSUNDENGANBAIK
PENGERTIAN ILMU
ILMUADALAHSERANGKAIANKETERANGAN
YANGTERATUR,SISTEMATIS,RASIONAL,
LOGIS,EMPIRIS,UNIVERSAL,OBJEKTIF,
TERBUKA,DAPATDIUKURSERTADAPAT
DIUJIKEBENARANNYABAIKSECARA
TEORETISDANEMPIRIS
KRITERIAKEBENARANILMU
1.
KOHERENSI(TEORIKEBENARANYANGMENDASARKANDIRI
PADAKRITERIAKEBENARANTENTANGKONSISTENSISUATU
ARGUMENTASI)---KONSISTENSIBERARTISISTEMATISDAN
SISTEMIK
2.KORESPONDENSI(TEORIKEBENARANYANGMENDASARKAN
DIRIPADAKRITERIATENTANGKESESUAIANANTARAMATERI
YANGDIKANDUNGSUATUPERNYATAANDENGANOBJEK
PERNYATAAN)---MANIS,TAWAR,ASIN
3.PRAGMATISME(TEORIKEBENARANYANGMENDASARKANDIRI
PADAKRITERIATENTANGBERFUNGSIATAUTIDAKNYASUATU
PERNYATAANDALAMLINGKUPRUANGDANWAKTU
FUNGSI ILMU
4tujuanilmupengetahuan:
(1) Fungsi deskriptif:menggambarkan,melukiskandan
memaparkansuatuobyekataumasalahsehinggamudah
dipelajari
(2) Fungsi pengembangan,menemukanhasililmuyangbaru
(3) Fungsi prediksi,meramalkankejadianyangbesar
kemungkinanterjadisehinggadapatdicaritindakan
percegahannya
(4) Fungsi Kontrol,mengendalikanperistiwayangtidak
dikehendaki.
Kamaluddin, Filsafat Ilmu
(Kedokteran)
30
THESCIENTIFICMETHOD
1.
2.
3.
4.
Observeanddescribeaphenomenonorgroupofphenomena.
Formulate hypotheses toexplainthephenomena;hypothesesoftentaketheform
ofaproposedcausalmechanismormathematicalrelationship.
Usethehypothesesto predict theexistenceoractionsofotherphenomena,orto
predictquantitativelytheresultsofnewobservations.
Performadditionaldatacollectionorrepeatexperimentaltestsofthepredictions
byseveralindependentexperimentersusingproperlyperformedtechniquesor
experiments.
THESCIENTIFICMETHOD
Thescientificmethoddoesnotallowanyhypothesis
tobeproventrue.
Hypothesescanbedisproven,inwhichcasethat
hypothesisisrejectedasfalse.
Ahypothesiswhichwithstandsatestdesignedto
falsifyitestablishesalevelofprobabilitythatthe
hypothesisaccuratelyexplainsdataandcanbeused
forfurtherpredictions,subjecttofurthertests.
Scientific method
abodyoftechniquesforinvestigatingphenomena, acquiring
newknowledge,orcorrectingandintegrating
previousknowledge.
Scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering
observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject
to
specific principles of reasoning.
Ascientificmethodconsistsofthecollectionofdatathroughobservation
andexperimentation,andtheformulationandtestingofhypotheses.
Tokohscientificmethod:JohnStuartMill
Ibnal-Haytham(Alhazen),9651039,Basra(seekingtruth)
33
THESCIENTIFICMETHOD
Observations/DataHypothesesHypothesisTesting
ModelsLawsTheories
Atsomepointintime,eachstagemustbereportedtothe
largerscientificcommunitybypresentationsor
publications.
HypothesisTesting
Epistemologi
(IlmuPengetahuan)
theory of knowledgeisthebranchofphilosophyconcernedwiththe
natureandscope(limitations)ofknowledge.
Itaddressesthequestions:
Whatisknowledge?
Howisknowledgeacquired?
Whatdopeopleknow?
Howdoweknowwhatweknow?
36
Epistemologyingeneral,thekindof
knowledgeusuallydiscussedis
propositionalknowledge,alsoknown
as"knowledge-that"asopposedto
"knowledge-how.
TruthsKnowledge--Beliefs
Kamaluddin, Filsafat Ilmu
(Kedokteran)
37
An analogy
S
Scciieenncceess
H
Huum
maanniittiieess
PPssyycchhoollooggyy
PPhhiilloossoopphhyy
Subfields
Subfields
behavioral psychology
behavioral psychophysics
clinical psychology
cognitive psychology
developmental psychology
Freudian psychology
Gestalt psychology
neuropsychology
etc.
aesthetics
epistemology
ethics
history of philosophy
logic
metaphysics
philosophy of language
philosophy of mind
philosophy of religion
philosophy of science
social-political philosophy
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Biologisthaveestablishedthatlivingthingsshare
sevencharacteristicsoflife.Thesecharacteristics
are:
1.OrganizationandCells
2.ResponsetoStimuli
3.Homeostasis
4.Metabolism(UseEnergy)
5.GrowthandDevelopment
6.Reproduction
7.ChangeThroughTime(Evolution)
2009
The book of
Optics
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Regulator
Clinical
research
Basic
science
Relevance
Research methods (Goals)
Systematic review
(meta-analysis)
Randomized
controlled trials
(attribution)
Laboratory
(mechanism)
Health services
research
Mixed
methods
Values
Epidemiology
research
(association)
Qualitative
research
(meanings)
Public
health
Clinicians
Patients
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L
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
46
Human
Laboratory
Animal
study
Human
study
47
Riskesdas
Ristoja
Mapping
dokter
herbal
Uji klinik
Di Dokter SJ
dan Poli
CAM
48
Traditio
nal
Healers
(Commu
nity)
Health
professional
s
Laborato
ry
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51
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CharacteristicsofScientificInquiry
Scienceis
1.basedonobservationandexperimentation
2.mathematicalandquantitative
3.naturalistic
4.basedonmodelsofnature
5.limited
6.dynamic
7.Amoral
8.Rational
Komposisi (%)
Oksigen ( O )
65
Karbon ( C )
18
Hidrogen ( H )
10
Nitrogen ( N )
Kalsium ( Ca )
1,5
Fosfor ( P )
Kalium ( K )
0,4
Sulffur ( S )
0,3
Natrium (Na)
0,2
Magnesium (Mg)
0,1
Klor ( Cl )
0,1
Unsur lain yang terdapat dalam jumlah runut besi (Fe);komponen dalam haemoglibin & mioglobin,yodium (I);
komponen pada hormon tiroid, zink (Zn) ; sintesis protein dan pembelahan sel, tembaga (Cu) ; terlibat dalam
beberapa enzim, selenium (Se) ; berkaitan erat dengan fungsi vitamin E, dan unsur2x runut lain
antibodi,vaksin,insulin.
Filasafat
dalam Ilmu Kedokteran
HAKIKAT
PENGEMBANGAN
PENELITIAN
PELAYANAN
EVALUASI
59
Clinical reasoning
Instrument
Logika - Probabilitas
Clinical judgement
Intuisi (suara hati) : kombinasi rasio, perasaan, pengalaman
Dan keberanian ambil keputusan (mampu atasi resiko)
Action planning
Rencana kerja dokter
Kamaluddin, Filsafat Ilmu
(Kedokteran)
60
pengetahuan empiris
(sintetik aposteriori)
pengetahuan transendental
(sintetik apriori)
pengetahuan logis
(analitik apriori)
Kamaluddin, Filsafat Ilmu
(Kedokteran)
61
PENDEKATAN
RASIONALISME
PENDEKATAN
EMPIRISME
Aturan
dasar
Aturan
dasar fakta
pengetahuan
sebelum
nya
Pengetahuan
yang Benar
Pengetahuan
Ilmiah [Ilmu]
2 Kriteria Utama :
Konsistensi pengetahuan baru dan sebelumnya
Kesesuaian pengetahuan yang dikembangkan dengan Fakta
Instrument
Logika - Probabilitas
Clinical reasoning
Clinical judgement
Intuisi (suara hati) : kombinasi rasio, perasaan, pengalaman
Dan keberanian ambil keputusan (mampu atasi resiko)
Action planning
Rencana kerja dokter
Kamaluddin, Filsafat Ilmu
(Kedokteran)
63
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHILOSOPHY
Edited by John Shand,
First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Fundamentals of Philosophy
byDavidStewart,H.GeneBlocker
1996 byPrenticeHall
FundamentalsofPhilosophy
byAlexanderSpirkin,1990
Philosophy of Medicine (Handbook of the Philosophy of Science,
Volume 16) 1stEdition
byFredGifford(Editor),DovM.Gabbay(SeriesEditor),Paul
Thagard(SeriesEditor),JohnWoods
NorthHolland;1edition(September6,2011)
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