REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Gonads
or Primary Sex Organs

PRODUCE

Gametes
(Sperm and Ova)

Sex hormones

Accessory Reproductive Organs

TESTES
APPROXIMATELY 4
CM (1 1/2 IN) LONG
AND 2.5 CM (1 IN)
WIDE.

 TUNICA ALBUGINEA - FIBROUS CONNECTIVE

TISSUE CAPSULE
SEPTA (SEPTUM) - EXTENSIONS OF THE
CAPSULE THAT DIVIDE THE TESTIS INTO
LOBULES
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES - "SPERM-FORMING
FACTORIES"
RETE TESTIS
EPIDIDYMIS
INTERSTITIAL CELLS - CELLS THAT
PRODUCE ANDROGENS
SCROTUM - SKIN SAC THAT HANGS
OUTSIDE THE BODY CAVITY AND
HOLDS THE TESTES

DUCT SYSTEM
EPIDIDYMIS
HIGHLY COILED
TUBE ABOUT 6 M
(20 FT) LONG THAT
COVERS THE
EXTERNAL SURFACE
TEMPORARY
STORAGE SITE FOR
IMMATURE SPERM

 DUCTUS DEFERENS (OR VAS

DEFERENS)
"CARRYING AWAY"; PROPEL LIVE
SPERM AWAY
EJACULATION (EJAC = TO SHOOT
FORTH)

ENCLOSED IN A CONNECTIVE
TISSUE SHEATH CALLED THE
SPERMATIC CORD
THE END EXPANDS AS THE
AMPULLA, EMPTIES INTO THE
EJACULATORY DUCT (MERGES
WITH THE URETHRA)

 URETHRA
CARRIES URINE AND SPERM TO THE EXTERIOR
(BUT NEVER AT THE SAME TIME)
HAS 3 REGIONS:
PROSTATIC URETHRA
MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
SPONGY (PENILE) URETHRA - OPENS TO THE
EXTERIOR VIA THE EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE

ACCESSORY GLANDS AND

SEMEN
SEMINAL VESICLES
LOCATED AT BASE OF THE BLADDER
PRODUCE 60% OF SEMINAL FLUID, THE FLUID
VOLUME OF SEMEN
THICK, YELLOWISH SECRETION: RICH IN SUGAR,
VIT. C, PROSTAGLANDINS AND OTHER
SUBSTANCES WHICH NOURISH AND ACTIVATE THE
PASSING SPERM
JOINS THE DUCTUS DEFERENS TO FORM THE
EJACULATORY DUCT

 PROSTATE
SINGLE, DONUT-SHAPED GLAND THAT
ENCIRCLES THE UPPER PART OF THE
URETHRA
MILKY FLUID SECRETION: ACTIVATES
SPERM

 BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
TINY, PEA-SIZED GLANDS
THICK CLEAR MUCUS: CLEANSES THE
URETHRA OF TRACES OF ACIDIC URINE
PRIOR TO EJACULATION, AND SERVES AS
A LUBRICANT DURING INTERCOURSE

 SEMEN
MILKY WHITE, SOMEWHAT STICKY MIXTURE OF
SPERM AND ACCESSORY GLAND SECRETIONS
ACTS AS A TRANSPORT MEDIUM FOR
NUTRIENTS AND CHEMICALS THAT PROTECT
THE SPERM AND AID THE MOVEMENT
DILUTES SPERM

QUICK FACT:
THERE ARE 50-150 MILLION SPERM PER
ML.

 CHARACTERISTICS
FRUCTOSE (ENERGY FUEL)
ALKALINITY (PH 7.2-7.6)
ANTIBIOTIC CHEMICALS
SEMINALPLASMIN (DESTROYS BACTERIA)

RELAXIN (RELAXES THE GIRL'S

MUSCLES)
OTHER ENZYMES AND
SUBSTANCES

EXTERNAL GENITALIA
SCROTUM - DIVIDED
SAC OF SKIN WITH
SPARSE HAIRS THAT
HANGS OUTSIDE THE
ABDOMINAL CAVITY, AT
THE ROOT OF THE
PENIS
PENIS - DESIGNED TO
DELIVER INTO THE
FEMALE INTO THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
TRACT

PENIS
SHAFT, ENDS IN AN ENLARGED TIP,
GLANS PENIS.
PREPUCE, OR FORESKIN, CUFF OF
SKIN AT THE PROXIMAL END OF THE
GLANDS
ERECTILE TISSUE IS A SPONGY
TISSUE THAT FILLS WITH BLOOD
DURING SEXUAL EXCITEMENT,
ERECTION (HELPS PENIS PENETRATE)

MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS

SPERMATOGENESIS
("SPERM
PRODUCTION")

SPERMATOGONIA,
PRODUCE:
TYPE A DAUGHTER
CELL (STAYS &
MAINTAINS THE STEM
CELL POPULATION)
TYPE B DAUGHTER
CELL (MOVES TO THE
LUMEN & BECOMES
PRIMARY
SPERMATOCYTE)
PRIMARY
SPERMATOCYTE,
UNDERGOES MEIOSIS
AND FORMS 4 SPERM

 MEIOSIS - CONSISTS OF 2 SUCCESSIVE

DIVISIONS OF THE NUCLEUS RESULTING IN 4
DAUGHTER CELLS, GAMETES.

HAVE ONLY HALF AS MUCH GENETIC

MATERIAL AS THE OTHER BODY CELLS
HAVE TO UNDERGO FURTHER CHANGES TO
BECOME MOTILE AND FORM A TAIL
SPERMATIDS -

 SPERMIOGENESIS - LAST STAGE OF

DEVELOPMENT FORMING MATURE SPERM,
WITH 3 REGIONS:
HEAD - CONTAINS PACKED DNA
ACROSOME - HELPS SPERM PENETRATE EGG CELL

MIDPIECE - HOLDS THE MITOCHONDRIA

TAIL - PROPELS THE SPERM FORWARD

TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
INTERSTITIAL CELLS PRODUCE
TESTOSTERONE, ACTIVATED BY
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH).
STIMULATES ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT
PROMPTS REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS TO DEVELOP
SEX DRIVE
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS

 MALE SECONDARY SEX

CHARACTERISTICS:
DEEPER VOICE
INCREASED HAIR GROWTH
ENLARGED SKELETAL
MUSCLES (INCREASED
MUSCLE MASS)
INCREASED HEAVINESS OF
SKELETON

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

OVARIES
OVARIAN FOLLICLES
-OOCYTE ("EGG CELL") - IMMATURE EGG
FOLLICLE CELLS - ENLARGES AND
DEVELOPS:
-ANTRUM - FLUID-FILLED CENTRAL REGION

VESICULAR OR GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE MATURE EGG

CORPUS LUTEUM YELLOW BODY

 MATURE EGG (VESICULAR

FOLLICLE) IS READY FOR

OVULATION.
EJECTION FROM THE OVARY.
OCCURS EVERY 28 DAYS.

Three Ligaments that secure the ovaries

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS -LATERAL

OVARIAN LIGAMENTS - MEDIAL
BROAD LIGAMENTS - ENCLOSING

DUCT SYSTEM
UTERINE (FALLOPIAN TUBES)
UTERUS
VAGINA

Uterine or Fallopian tubes

RECEIVE THE OVULATED OOCYTE

PROVIDE A SITE FOR FERTILIZATION
4 INCHES LONG
DISTAL END EXPANDS AS THE, INFUNDIBULUM WHICH HAS FINGERLIKE
PROJECTIONS CALLED FIMBRIAE
FIMBRIAE CARRY THE OOCYTE INTO THE UTERINE TUBE, ALONG WITH
PERISTALSIS AND THE BEATING OF CILIA.

 UTERUS ("WOMB")
A HOLLOW ORGAN THAT FUNCTIONS
TO RECEIVE, RETAIN AND NOURISH
A A FERTILIZED EGG
ANCHORED ANTERIORLY AND
POSTERIORLY BY THE ROUND AND
UTEROSACRAL LIGAMENTS,
RESPECTIVELY
3 MAIN PARTS:
BODY
FUNDUS
CERVIX

 3 LAYERS OF THE UTERUS WALL:

ENDOMETRIUM - WHERE IMPLANTATION OCCURS
MYOMETRIUM - BULKY MIDDLE LAYER COMPOSED OF
INTERLACING BUNDLES OF SMOOTH MUSCLES;
PLAYS AN ACTIVE ROLE DURING DELIVERY OF A
BABY
PERIMETRIUM - AKA VISCERAL PERIMETRIUM

VAGINA
EXTENDS FROM CERVIX TO THE BODY
EXTERIOR
AKA BIRTH CANAL; PROVIDES A PASSAGEWAY
FOR DELIVERY OF A BABY AND FOR THE
MENSTRUAL FLOW
HYMEN - THIN FOLD OF MUCOSA CLOSING THE
DISTAL END

EXTERNAL GENITALIA
VULVA
MONS PUBIS ("MOUNTAIN ON THE
PUBIS")
LABIA MAJORA
HAIR-COVERED SKIN FOLDS,
ENCLOSING THE:
LABIA MINORA - DELICATE, HAIRFREE FOLD
VESTIBULE - CONTAINS THE
URETHRAL ORIFICE
GREAT VESTIBULAR GLANDS
MUCUS-PRODUCING GLANDS
CLITORIS
SMALL PROTRUDING STRUCTURE
THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE MALE
PENIS
PERINEUM
DIAMOND SHAPED REGION
BETWEEN THE ANTERIOR END OF
THE LABIAL FOLDS.

FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
FUNCTION AND
CYCLES

A FEMALES REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY USUALLY BEGINS DURING PUBERTY

AND ENDS IN HER FIFTIES OR BEFORE.

OOGENESIS:

THE BEGINNING OF AN EGG.

A PROCESS IN WHICH OVA OR FEMALE GAMETES ARE PRODUCED.

IN THE DEVELOPING FEMALE FETUS, OOGENIA, THE FEMALE STEM CELLS,

MULTIPLY RAPIDLY TO INCREASE THEIR NUMBER, AND THEIR DAUGHTER
CELLS, PRIMARY OOCYTES, PUSH INTO THE OVARY CONNECTIVE
TISSUE WHERE THEY BECOME SURROUNDED BY A SINGLE LAYER OF
CELLS TO FORM PRIMARY FOLLICLES.
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE
IT STIMULATES A SMALL NUMBER OF PRIMARY FOLLICLES TO GROW AND
MATURE EACH MONTH. THESE CYCLIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR MONTHLY
IN THE OVARY CONSTITUTE THE OVARIAN CYCLE.

 THE REPRODUCTIVE LIFE OF A FEMALE IS AT BEST ABOUT 40 YEARS

(FROM THE AGE 11 TO APPROXIMATELY 51)
AS A FOLLICLE PERSUADED BY FSH GROWS LARGER, IT ACCUMULATES
FLUID IN THE CENTRAL CHAMBER CALLED ANTRUM, AND THE PRIMARY
OOCYTES IT CONTAINS REPLICATES ITS CHROMOSOMES AND BEGINS
MEIOSIS.
THE FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION PRODUCES TWO CELLS THAT ARE VERY
DISSIMILAR IN SIZE. THE LARGER CELL IS A SECONDARY OOCYTE AND
THE OTHER, VERY TINY CELL IS A POLAR BODY.
FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT TO THIS STAGE TAKES ABOUT 14 DAYS, AND
OVULATION OCCURS AT JUST ABOUT THAT TIME IN RESPONSE TO THE
BURSTLIKE RELEASE OF A SECONDARY ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE,
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH).
THE OVULATED SECONDARY OOCYTES IS STILL SURROUNDED BY ITS
FOLLICLE-CELL CAPSULE, NOW CALLED CORONA RADIATA (RADIATING
CROWN).
THE OOCYTE UNDERGOES SECONDARY MEIOTIC DIVISION THAT
PRODUCES ANOTHER POLAR BODY AND THE OVUM.

UTERINE (MENSTRUAL) CYCLE

THE
EVENTS
OF
THE
UTERINE,
OR
MENSTRUAL, CYCLE ARE THE CYCLIC
CHANGES THAT THE ENDOMETRIUM GOES
THROUGH MONTH AFTER MONTH AS IT
RESPONDS TO CHANGES IN THE LEVELS OF
OVARIAN HORMONES IN THE BLOOD.

3 Stages of Menstrual Cycle

DAYS 1-5: MENSTRUAL PHASE

DURING THIS PHASE, THE ENDOMETRIUM

SLOUGHS OFF FROM THE UTERINE WALL AND BLEEDS
FOR 3 TO 5 DAYS.

THE DETACHED TISSUES AND BLOOD PASS THROUGH

THE VAGINA AS THE MENSTRUAL FLOW.

AVERAGE BLOOD LOSS: 50 TO 150 ML.

BY DAY 5, MORE ESTROGENS ARE PRODUCE.

3 Stages of Menstrual Cycle

DAYS 6-14: PROLIFERATION PHASE

STIMULATED BY RISING ESTROGEN

LEVELS,
ENDOMETRIUM
REGENERATES,
ENDOMETRIAL
GLANDS
FORM,
AND
ENDOMETRIAL BLOOD SUPPLY INCREASES.

IN RESPONSE TO SUDDEN SURGE OF

LH, OVULATION OCCURS AT THE END OF THIS
PHASE.

3 Stages of Menstrual Cycle

DAYS 15-28: SECRETORY PHASE

ENDOMETRIAL
BLOOD
SUPPLY
INCREASES EVEN MORE BECAUSE OF THE RISING
LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE.

ENDOMETRIAL GLANDS INCREASES IN SIZE

AND BEGIN SECRETING NUTRIENTS THAT WILL
SUSTAIN A DEVELOPING EMBRYO UNTIL IT HAS
IMPLANTED.

IF FERTILIZATION OCCURS, THE EMBRYO

PRODUCES LH WHICH IN TURN CAUSES THE
CORPUS LUTEUM TO CONTINUE PRODUCING
PROGESTERONE.

IF FERTILIZATION DOES NOT OCCUR, THE LH

BLOOD LEVELS DECLINE WHICH CAUSES THE
CORPUS LUTEUM TO DEGENERATE.

Estrogen
THIS HORMONE IS PRODUCE BY THE FOLLICLE
CELLS OF MATURE FOLLICLES.
THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE APPEARANCE
Estrogen also has metabolic effects:
OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS IN YOUNG
WOMAN.
It helps maintain low total blood cholesterol levels
It facilitates calcium uptake

Progesterone

THIS HORMONE IS PRODUCED BY CORPUS LUTEUM.

IT DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO THE APPEARANCE OF

SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS.

DURING PREGNANCY, IT INHIBITS CONTRACTION OF THE

MYOMETRIUM SO THE IMPLANTED EMBRYO WILL NOT BE
ABORTED.

IT ALSO PREPARE THE BREASTS FOR MILK PRODUCTION.

HOWEVER, ITS SOURCE DURING PREGNANCY IS THE
PLACENTA, NOT THE OVARIES.

Mammary Glands

MAMMARY GLANDS ARE MILK-PRODUCING

GLANDS THAT ARE FOUND IN THE BREASTS.

MAMMARY GLANDS ARE MODIFIED SWEAT

GLANDS.

AREOLA IS A PIGMENTED AREA LOCATED

BELOW THE CENTER OF EACH BREAST.

NIPPLE IS A CENTRAL PROTRUSION THAT IS

SURROUNDED BY AREOLA.

 EACH LOBE CONTAINS LOBULES OR SMALL

LOBES WHICH IN TURN CONTAIN CLUSTERS OF
ALVEOLAR GLANDS.
FROM THE GLANDS, THE MILK ARE PASS INTO
LACTIFEROUS DUCTS, WHICH OPEN TO THE
OUTSIDE OF THE NIPPLE.
THESE GLANDS PRODUCE THE MILK FOR
LACTATION.

Accomplishing Fertilization
THERE ARE LOTS OF REQUIREMENT TO ACHIEVE FERTILIZATION (LIKE THE
NUMBER OF DAYS OR HOURS)
THE SPERM ARE ATTRACTED TO THE OOCYTE BY CHEMICALS, ALLOWING THEM TO
LOCATE THE OOCYTE
ONLY A FEW HUNDRED TO A THOUSAND OF SPERM CAN ENTER THE EGG
BECAUSE OF THE VAGINAS ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT
ACROSOMAL REACTION THE ACROSOME MEMBRANES BREAK DOWN,
RELEASING ENZYMES THAT DIGESTS HOLES IN THE OOCYTE MEMBRANE
WHEN THE MEMBRANE IS WEAKENED, A SINGLE SPERM WILL BE PULLED TO THE
OOCYTE CYTOPLASM AND MEIOTIC DIVISION WILL OCCUR
FERTILIZATION OCCURS AT THE MOMENT THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF SPERM
COMBINES WITH THAT OF AN OVUM TO FORM A FERTILIZED EGG, OR A ZYGOTE.

EVENTS OF EMBRYONIC AND

FETAL DEVELOPMENT

CLEAVAGE - A 4-CELL STAGE. EARLY STAGE OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

MORULA A TINY BALL OF 16 CELLS THAT LOOKS LIKE A MICROSCOPIC RASPBERRY

BLASTOCYST OR A CHORIONIC VESICLE BALL-LIKE STRUCTURE

IT SECRETES HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

(HCG), WHICH PRODS CORPUS LUTEUM OF THE OVARY TO CONTINUE PRODUCING HORMONE.

2 IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF BLASTOCYST:

TROPHOBLAST WHICH FORM LARGE FLUID-FILLED SPHERE

INNER CELL MASS IS A SMALL CLUSTER OF CELLS DISPLACED TO ONE SIDE

3 PRIMARY GERM LAYERS FORMED FROM THE INNER CELL MASS:

ECTODERM WHICH GIVES RISE TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE EPIDERMIS OF THE SKIN

ENDODERM WHICH FORM MUCOSAE AND ASSOCIATED GLANDS

MESODERM

 AFTER IMPLANTATION, TROPHOBLAST DEVELOPS CHORIONIC VILLI,

WHICH COMBINES WITH MOTHERS UTERINE TISSUES TO FORM THE
PLACENTA.
AMNION, A FLUID-FILLED SAC, IS ATTACHED TO THE PLACENTA BY
UMBILICAL CORD.
BY THIRD WEEK OF PREGNANCY, THE PLACENTA FUNCTIONS TO DELIVER
NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN TO OR REMOVE WASTE FROM EMBRYONIC
BLOOD.
BY THE END OF SECOND MONTH OF PREGNANCY, THE PLACENTA
PRODUCES HORMONES TO MAINTAIN PREGNANCY.
BY EIGHTH WEEK OF PREGNANCY, ALL ORGAN SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN
FORMED. THE EMBRYO LOOKS DISTINCTLY HUMAN.
BY NINTH WEEK OF PREGNANCY, THE EMBRYO IS REFERRED TO AS FETUS.
FETAL GROWTH AND ORGAN SPECIALIZATION ARE MAJOR ARE EFFECTS
OF FETAL PERIOD.
BY APPROXIMATELY 270 DAYS AFTER FERTILIZATION (THE END OF THE
THIRD LUNAR MONTH), THE FETUS IS SAID TO BE FULL-TERM AND IS
READY TO BY BORN.

Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother

PREGNANCY. THE PERIOD FROM CONCEPTION TO THE BIRTH OF THE
BABY.
ANATOMICAL CHANGES
UTERUS ENLARGES (RIBS FLARE, THORAX WIDEN)
WOMANS CENTER OF GRAVITY CHANGES
DEVELOPS LUMBAR CURVATURE- LORDOSIS
RELAXIN CAUSES PELVIC LIGAMENTS AND THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS TO
RELAX,WIDEN AND BECOME MORE FLEXIBLE
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES:
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
MORNING SICKNESS
HEARTBURN
CONSTIPATION

URINARY SYSTEM

FREQUENT, URGENT, UNCONTROLLABLE URINATION

STRESS INCONTINENCE

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

NASAL CONGESTION

NASAL BLEEDING

RESPIRATORY RATE INCREASES

DYSPNEA

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

BODY WATER RISES

BLOOD VOLUME INREASES

BLOOD PRESSURE AND PULSE RISE

CARDIAC OUTPUT INCREASES

IMPAIRED VENOUS RETURN

CHILDBIRTH

IT IS ALSO CALLED PARTURITION (BRINGING FORTH YOUNG), IS THE

ACCUMULATION OF PREGNANCY.

IT OCCURS 280 DAYS FROM THE LAST MENSTRUAL PERIOD

LABOR IS A SERIES OF EVENTS THAT EXPEL THE INFANT FROM THE UTERUS
INITIATION OF LABOR

DURING LAST FEW WEEKS OF PREGNANCY, ESTROGENS REACH THEIR HIGHEST

LEVELS IN THE MOTHERS BLOOD.

CONSEQUENCES:

IT CAUSES THE MYOMETRIUM TO FORM OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR

IT INTERFERES WITH PROGESTERONES EFFECT

BRAXTON HICKS CONTRACTION A WEAK, IRREGULAR UTERINE CONTRACTIONS

CERTAIN CELLS OF THE FETUS PRODUCE OXYTOCIN THAT STIMULATES PLACENTA

TO RELEASE PROSTAGLANDINS.

 THE RISING LEVELS OF OXYTOCIN AND PROSTAGLANDINS

INITIATE CONTRACTIONS TRUE LABOR

3 Stages of Labor

Stage 1: Dilation stage (6-12 hours)

As labor starts, weak contraction at the upper part of the uterus
move downward toward the vagina.
Contraction becomes vigorous.
Amniotic fluid is release by the ruptured amnion.
Stage 2: Expulsion stage
A period from full dilation to the delivery of the infant.
When the infant is in the vertex position, the skull acts as
wedge that dilates the cervix.
First birth: 50 minutes
Subsequent birth: 20 minutes
Stage 3: Placental stage (15 minutes after birth)
Delivery of the placenta.
Placenta and its attached fetal membrane are collectively
called afterbirth.
Postpartum bleeding (bleeding after birth)

Developmental Aspects of the

Reproductive System
MALE SEX CHROMOSOMES: XY
FEMALE SEX CHROMOSOMES: XX
GONADS BEGIN TO FORM AT THE EIGHT WEEK OF PREGNANCY.
INDIFFERENT STAGE. A STAGE WHEN EMBRYONIC REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES OF
MALES AND FEMALES ARE IDENTICAL.
THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF TESTOSTERONE DETERMINES WHETHER MALE OR
FEMALE STRUCTURES WILL FORM.
PUBERTY
BETWEEN THE AGES OF 10 AND 15 YEARS
A PERIOD WHEN REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS GROW AND BECOME FUNCTIONAL.

 PUBERTY IN BOYS:
ENLARGEMENT OF TESTES AND SCROTUM (13TH YEAR)
APPEARANCE OF PUBIC, AXILLARY, AND FACIAL HAIR
GROWTH OF THE PENIS GOES ON AFTER 2 YEARS
PRESENCE OF MATURE SPERM IN SEMEN
ERECTIONS AND NOCTURNAL EMISSIONS
PUBERTY IN GIRLS:
BUDDING BREAST (11TH YEAR)
MENSTRUAL PERIOD OCCURS 2 YEARS LATER
FERTILITY TAKES 2 MORE YEARS
MENARCHE REFERS TO THE FIRST MENSTRUAL PERIOD.

MENOPAUSE REFERS TO THE EVENT WHERE OVULATION AND

MENSES CEASES ENTIRELY, ENDING CHILDBEARING ABILITY.

DURING MENOPAUSE, THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES END

AND REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS BEGIN TO ATROPHY DUE TO
DEPRIVATION OF ESTROGEN.
MOOD CHANGES, VASODILATION, HOT FLUSHES, SKIN THINNING, LOSS
OF BONE MASS, AND RISING CHOLESTEROL LEVELS MAY OCCUR.

Estrogen-containing hormone replacement

therapy

51% INCREASE IN HEART DISEASE

24% IN BREAST CANCER
31% IN STROKE
DOUBLING INCREASE OF DEMENTIA
IN CONTRAST, THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE CAPABILITY DOES NOT
APPEAR TO DECLINE SIGNIFICANTLY TO AGING MEN.

HYPERTROPHY OF PROSTATE GLAND STRANGLES THE URETHRA, WHICH:

MAKES URINATION DIFFICULT
INCREASES RISK OF CYSTITIS (BLADDER INFECTION) AND KIDNEY DAMAGE

Prostatitis - inflammation of prostrate

Prostatic cancer - slow-growing, hidden condition; 3rd most prevalent
cancer in men
If testosterone is not produced:

Sexual infantilism - male reproductive organs remain childlike and

secondary sex characteristics don't appear
Sterility

PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE (PID)

SEVERE INFLAMMATION SOMETIMES CAUSED BY GONORRHEA AND OTHER STD'S
CAN CAUSE INFERTILITY

Cancer of the cervix

common among women ages 30-50
risk factors: cervical inflammation, STD's, multiple pregnancies, many
sexual partners
Pap smear - most important diagnostic test

Cancer of the Breast

Change in skin texture, puckering, or leakage from the nipple.
Mammography X-ray examination that detects breast cancers.

Abortion termination od pregnancy by loss of a fetus during the first

weeks of pregnancy
Pseudohermaphrodites external genitalia that do not match
their gonds
Hemaphrodites rare individuals who possess both ovarian and
testicular tissues
Phimosis narrowing of the foreskin of the penis, and misplaced
urethral openings
Cryptorchidism failure of the testes to make their normal descent
Vaginal infections commonly the Escherichia coli, gonorrhea,
syphilis and herpesvirus; and yeasts (type of fungus)

URETHRITIS, PROSTATITIS AND EPIDIDYMITIS ARE THE

MOST COMMON INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS IN MEN
ORCHIDITIS INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTES, IS RATHER
UNCOMMON BUT SERIOUS BECAUSE IT CAN CAUSE STERILITY
MENOPAUSE ESTROGEN PRODUCTION DECLINES, OVULATION
BECOMES IRREGULAR, AND MENSTRUAL PERIODS BECOME
SCANTY AND SHORTER IN LENGTH. NORMALLY OCCURS 46-54
YEARS OLD