HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)

• 1. DEFINITION

CONTENT

• 2. BASIC OPERATING CYCLE

• 3. CLASSIFICATION OF AC SYSTEM

• 4. COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF AHU

• 5. DEHUMIDIFIER AND HUMIDIFICATION

• 6. CHARACTERSTICS OF AIR HANDLING SYSTEM

• 7. PRESSEURE CASCADES

• 8. DUCTING

• 9. HVAC VALIDATION

10.

MAINTAINENCE SPARES AND ITS APPR. COSTS

DEFINITION

 An Air Handling Unit (AHU), or Air Handler, is a central air conditioner station that handles the air that, usually, will be supplied into the buildings by the ventilation ductwork. Handling the air means that the air will be delivered into the building spaces with thermo-hygrometric and IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) treatment. The accuracy of the treatment will depend from the specificity of each project (offices, schools, swimming- pools, laboratories, factories with industrial processes, etc). This means, the Air Handling Unit treat the air by filtering, cooling and/or heating, humidifying and/or dehumidifying.

 There are several types of Air Handling Units: Compact, Modular, Residential, DX integrated, Low Profile (ceiling), Packaged, Rooftop mounted (typically on the roofs of buildings, with special weather protection), etc.

 1 TR is amount of heat to be extracted from the atmosphere for melting 1 metric ton of ice in 24 hrs.

1 TR = 12000 BTU/Hr. or 3025 kcal/Hr.

BASIC OPERATING CYCLE

WORKING PRINCIPLE

CLASSIFICATION OF AC SYSTEM



TYPES OF AIR HANDLING UNITS (AHU)

• a) SINGLE SKINNED AHU

• b) DOUBLE SKINNED AHU



II) DEPENDING ON SPACE AVAILABILITY FOR AHU , THE AHUs ARE CLASSIFIED AS UNDER:-

• a) HORIZONTAL TYPE FLOOR MOUNTED UNIT

• b) VERTICAL TYPE FLOOR MOUNTED UNIT

• c) CEILING SUSPENDED UNIT.



III) TYPE OF AHU DEPENDING UPON LOCATION OF FAN:-

• a) DRAW THROUGH TYPE:- FAN IS LOCATED AFTER COOLING COIL

• b) BLOW THROUGH TYPE:- FAN IS LOCATED BEFORE COOLING COIL

MOST COMMON CONFIGURATIONS

 Inline - Supply 100% Outdoor

 Inline - Supply Mixed Air

 Inline - Double Flux (with Mixing Air)

 Double-Deck - 100% Outdoor Air

>Double-Deck - Mixed Air

>Side by Side - 100% Outdoor Air

>Side by Side - Mixed Air

COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF AHU

Overview components

Flow rate controller

Silencer

Fan

Filter

Weather louvre or Filter

Control damper

+

Humidifier

Prefilter

Terminal filter

Cooling coil

with droplet

separator

Production Room

Heating

coil

COMPONENTS OF AHU





















Fans (Plug Fans, Double Inlet, Single Inlet, Axial, Centrifugal flows etc)

Filters (Plate Filters, Bag Filters, Compact Filters, HEPA Filters, ULPA Filters, Carbon Filters)

Cooling/Heating Coils (water/steam/Direct Expansion DX/electric/gas fired)

Heat recovery systems (cross flow plate heat exchangers, heat wheel/rotating heat exchangers, run around coils and heat pipes, etc)

Humidifiers (Adiabatic/Evaporative Pad, non-pressurized Steam, pressurized steam) Dehumidifiers (DX coil, desiccant rotor) AHU Chilled water Manifold Sound attenuators Mist/Droplet eliminators Dampers & Plenum

FUNCTIONS OF AHU

Cooling unit /dehumidifier : To cool the air to the required temperature or

to

remove

moisture from the air

Heating unit To heat the air to the proper temperature Humidifier :To bring the air to the proper humidity, if too low Filters : To eliminate particles of pre-determined dimensions and/or micro- organisms Ducts : To transport the air

	Silencer : To reduce noise caused by air circulation
	Weather louvre or Filter : To prevent insects, leaves, dirt and rain from
entering
	Flow rate controller : Automated adjustment of volume of air (night and

day, pressure

control)



Control damper : Fixed adjustment of volume of air

FILTER CLASSES

Dust filters

Standard

Aerosol

Coarse

Fine

HEPA

ULPA

Dp > 10

µ m

10

µ m > Dp > 1

µ m

Dp < 1

µ m

G1 - G4

F5 - F9

EN 779 Standard

H 11 - 13

U 14- 17

EN 1822 Standard

FILTERS

Primary panel filter

Secondary filter

HEPA or tertiaary filter

DEHUMIDIFIER AND HUMIDIFICATION

•

•

Adsorber wheel

Humid room air

Air heater

Humid room air

Regeneration air

Dehumidification is the removal of water vapor from air, definition, and sorption dehumidification equipment Dehumidifiers remove excess humidity by drawing moist room air over cold refrigerated coils. The moisture in the air condenses into droplets as it passes over the cold surfaces in the dehumidifier and into a container

CHARACTERSTICS OF AIR HANDLING SYSTEM

Turbulent

dilution of dirty air

Air flow patterns

Uni-directional / laminar

displacement of dirty air

0,30 m/s

CHARACTERSTICS OF AIR HANDLING SYSTEM

Air flow patterns

Prefilter

AHU

Main filter

2

1

Turbulent

Uni-directional

3

Turbulent

CHARACTERSTICS OF AIR HANDLING SYSTEM

Positioning of filters

_{AHU mounted final filter}

Filter in terminal position

Production Room

HEPA Filter

HEPA Filter

+

Production Room

PRESSEURE CASCADES

Regulation of Room Pressure – Pressure Differentials Concept

Room pressure indication panel

Room pressure

gauges

PRESSEURE CASCADES

Pressure cascade injectable Protection from micro- organisms and particles

Pressure cascade solids Protection from cross-contaminatio

R o om

1

R o om

2

R o om

3

30 Pa

60 Pa

A LF

45 Pa

D

Air

Lo c k

A ir

Lo ck

45 Pa

B

C

15 Pa

30 Pa

D

Air

P a ssa ge

Lo ck

0 Pa

N ote :

D irection of door opening

relative to room pressure

R

o o m

1

R

o o m

2

R o om

3

15

Pa

15

Pa

15

Pa

A ir

L o c

k

A ir

L o c

k

A ir

L o c

k

30

Pa

E

0

Pa

P a s sa g e

15

Pa

N ote : Direction of door opening

relative to room pressure

DUCTING

A Duct can be described as a device used to provide an isolation path to carry a medium from one place to other place without bringing the product in contact with the atmosphere before the delivery point.

DUCTING

Don’t

Do’s

No Bracing and width of the duct is more than

Bracing should be done all around the duct from MS Bracing

750mm.

outside when width of the duct is more than 750mm

to provide strength to the duct.

8 Feet

4 Feet

4 Feet

T B A

W id th

o f

th e

D

u

c t

(

m m

)

A ( m m )

B (m m )

T ( m m

)

F rom

70 0 to

1 200

2 5

25

3

A b ove

1 200

4 0

40

3

Breathing of the Duct

- Results in Noise

No Breathing Noise

DUCTING

TYPES OF PRESSURES IN A DUCT

• Total Pressure • Static Pressure • Velocity Pressure

TOTAL PRESSURE = STATIC PRESSURE + VELOCITY PRESSURE.

ASPECT RATIO OF DUCTING

 Aspect Ratio = Long Side/Short Side = Width of the duct / Height of the duct



Best Aspect Ratio is 1 : 1

 Maximum permissible aspect ratio is 4 : 1  Effects of Aspect Ratio

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS DUCTS

COMPONENTS OF DUCTING

HVAC VALIDATION

 DOP/PAO (Poly Alpha Oli film)/Filter integrity test  Air balancing  Pressure balancing  Particle count  Air flow pattern  Recovery test  Fumigation  Documents handover

Instrument used for air balancing : Supply diffusers. Instrument used velocity measurement: Digital anemometer Instrument used for pressure balancing: magnehulic gauge. Instrument used for particle count: particle counter Instrument used for Air flow pattern: Fogger m/c , Video Instrument used for PAO test : Aerosol photometer.

AHU’S ANUALLY SPARES APPR. COST

SLNO	COMPONENTS		REQD. QTY.	UOM	UNIT COST		TOTAL (LAKHS) COST COST/ YEAR
1	TUBULER HEATERS		20	Set	10000.00		2.00	2.00
2	THERMOSTAT		10	NO.	2000.00		0.20	0.10
3	COOLING COIL		4	NO.	30000.00		1.20
4	HOT WATER COIL		2	NO.	15000.00		0.30
5	PRESSURE GUAGES		6	NO.	1500.00		0.09
6	MAGNELIC GUAGES		4	NO.	6000.00		0.24
7	TEMP. GUAGES		6	NO.	1500.00		0.09
8	AHU HARDWARE		1	Set	20000.00		0.20	0.20
9	CONTACTORS		6	NO.	1500.00		0.09
10	OVER LOAD RELAY		6	NO.	1000.00		0.06
11	PUSH BOTTONS		15	NO.	50.00		0.01
12	MOTOR		4	NO.	25000.00		1.00
13	MPCB		6	NO.	3500.00		0.21
14	COIL CLEANING CHEMICAL		200	Ltr.	150.00		0.30	0.30