INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT REGIONAL

TELECOM TRAINING CENTRE

By
MOHIT SHUKLA
1041310565
SOUMYA SHARMA
1041310579

TELECOMMUNICATION

Telecommunicationoccurs when the

exchange ofinformationbetween
twoentities(communication) includes
the use of technology.
Communication technology
useschannelsto transmit information
(as electrical signals), either over a
physical medium (such assignal cables),
or in the form ofelectromagnetic waves.

BASIC ELEMENTS

Atransmitterthat takes information and

converts it to asignal.
Atransmission medium, also called the
"physical channel" that carries the
signal. An example of this is the"free
space channel".
Areceiverthat takes the signal from the
channel and converts it back into usable
information.

OPTICAL FIBER CABLE

Anoptical fiber(oroptical fibre) is a

flexible, transparentfibermade by
drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a
diameter slightly thicker than that of a
human hair.

ADVANTAGES OF OFC

SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high

speeds-up into the gigabits.
BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted
further without needing to be "refreshed" or
strengthened.
RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to
electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors
or other nearby cables.
MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs
much less to maintain.

OFC SYSTEM OF
TRANSMISSION

OFC SYSTEM OF
TRANSMISSION

Information is Encoded into Electrical

Signals.
Electrical Signals are converted into light
Signals.
Light Travels Down the Fiber.
A Detector Changes the Light Signals
into Electrical Signals.
Electrical Signals are Decoded into
Information.

GEOMETRY OF THE OPTICAL FIBRE:

A hair-thin fiber consist of two concentric

layers of high-purity silica glass the core
and the cladding, which are enclosed by
a protective sheath. Light rays
modulated into digital pulses with a laser
or a light-emitting diode moves along
the core without penetrating the
cladding.

FINDING FAULTS IN OFC

Optical Time Domain Reflectors (OTDRs)

are use to find the fault in the OFC.

FINDING FAULTS IN OFC

Principle of OTDRs:
Short light pulse is transmitted into the fiber under
test and the time of the incidence and the
amplitude of the reflected pulses are measured.
The commonly used pulse width ranges from
nanosecs to microsecs, the power of the pulse can
exceed 10 mW. The repetition frequency depends
on the fiber length, typically is between 1 and 20
kHz, naturally it is smaller for longer fibers. The
division by 2 at the inputs of oscilloscope is needed
since both the vertical (loss) and the horizontal
(length) scales correspond to the one-way length.

OTDR

Process of Finding the fault with OTDRs

Optical time domain reflectometers send

a powerful pulse up a link, and analyze
the reflections. The reflected signal is
very weak, and may require extensive
averaging to reduce detection noise. The
user has to input some information such
as refractive index. From this, it
mathematically deduces the power level
at each point, and from this, it is possible
to determine loss figures, and the
location of point losses.

SPLICING OF THE OFC

Splicing is the process of the permanent

connection of the optical fiber cable.
Splicing Methods
The following three types are widely
used:
Adhesive bonding or Glue splicing.
Mechanical splicing.
Fusion splicing.

SPLICING METHODS

Fusion Splicing

SPLICING METHODS

Mechanical Splicing

SPLICING METHODS

Adhesive or Glue Splicing

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE

COMMUNICATION

GSM(Global System for Mobile

Communications), is a standard developed by
the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute(ETSI) to describe protocols for secondgeneration (2G) digitalcellular networksused
bymobile phones.

SIM CARD

SIM stands for Subscribers Identity

Module.
GSM subscribers are provided with a SIM
card with its unique identification at the
very beginning of the service.
The SIM is a removable SC, the size of a
credit card, and contains an integrated
circuit chip with a microprocessor,
random access memory (RAM), and read
only memory (ROM).

SIM CARD

THANK YOU