SOLID WASTE

DISPOSAL, MANAGEMENT AND

RECYCLING PROCESSES

INTRODUCTION
Since the beginning, Human kind has been
generating waste.
It could be in the form of:

Bones
Other parts of animals they slaughter

Wood
With the progress of civilization the waste
generated became of a more complex nature.

 At the end of 19th century (Industrial

revolution) there was rise in the
world of consumers.
The increase in population and
urbanization was also largely
responsible for the increase in solid
waste

WHAT IS A WASTE?
It is defined as:
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash,
refuse, garbage, junk) is any unwanted or
useless materials.
OR
Any materials unused and rejected as
worthless or unwanted and A useless or
profitless activity; using or expending or
consuming thoughtlessly or carelessly

TYPES OF WASTE

Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Gaseous Wastes
Animal by-products
Biodegradable waste
Biomedical waste
Bulky waste
Business waste

Chemical waste
Clinical waste
Coffee wastewater
Commercial waste
Construction and
demolition waste (C&D
waste)
Controlled waste
Consumable waste
Composite

CLASSIFICATIONS
OF WASTE

Garbage
-decomposable wastes from food

-non decomposable wastes

Rubbish

Combustible

Non-Combustible

Ashes
-residues from combustion of solid fuels

Large Wastes
-demolition and construction debris and trees

Dead Animals

Sewage
-treatment solids

Industrial Waste
-such materials as chemicals, paints, and sands

Mining Waste
-slag heaps and coal refuse piles

Agricultural Waste
-farm animal manure and crop residues

WHAT IS A SOLID
WASTE?

any garbage, refuge, sludge from

wastewater treatment plant, or air
pollution control facility and other
discarded
materials
including
solid, liquid, semi-solid, contained
gaseous material, resulting from
industrial, commercial, mining
and agricultural operations

 It is defined as:
Non-liquid, non-soluble materials
ranging from municipal garbage to
industrial wastes that contain complex
and sometimes hazardous substances

TYPES OF SOLID
WASTES

Household waste as municipal waste

Industrial waste as hazardous waste
Biomedical waste as hospital waste
or infectious waste

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Municipal solid waste consists of:
Household waste
Construction and demolition
debris
Sanitation residue
Waste from streets

Garbage: The 4 Broad

Categories
Category

Organic Waste

Examples

Kitchen waste,
vegetables, flowers,
leaves, fruits

Toxic Waste

old medicines, paints,

chemicals, bulbs, spray
cans, fertilizer and
pesticides containers,
batteries, shoe polish

Recyclable

paper, glass, metals,

plastics

Soiled

hospital waste such as

cloth soiled with blood
and other body fluids.

The type of litter we generate and the

approximate time it takes to degenerate
Type of litter

Approximate time it takes

to degenerate the litter

Organic waste such as vegetable and

fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc

A week or two.

Paper

1030 days

Cotton cloth

25 months

Wood

1015 years

Woolen items

1 year

Tin, aluminum, and other metal items

such as cans

100500 years

Plastic bags

one million years

Glass bottles

undetermined

HAZARDOUS WASTE
Industrial and hospital waste is
considered hazardous as they may
contain toxic substances.
Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic
to humans, animals, and plants.
They are Corrosive
Highly inflammable, or explosive
React when exposed to certain things e.g.
gases

Household wastes that can be categorized as

hazardous waste include:
old batteries
shoe polish
paint tins
old medicines
medicine bottles.

 Hospital waste contaminated by

chemicals used in hospitals is considered
hazardous.
These chemicals include formaldehyde
and phenols, which are used as
disinfectants.

HOSPITAL WASTE
Hospital waste is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of
human beings or animals
It may include wastes like
Sharps
Soiled waste
Disposables
Anatomical waste
Cultures
Discarded medicines
Chemical wastes

 These are in the form of disposable syringes,

swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta,
etc.
This waste is highly infectious and can be a
serious threat to human health if not managed
in a scientific and discriminate manner
It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg
of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg
would be infected

Sources of Solid Wastes

Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Institutional
Construction and Demolition
Municipal Services
Process (manufacturing, etc.)
Agriculture

SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF

WASTES Types of solid wastes
Source
Typical Waste Generators
1:Residential

Single and multifamily dwellings

Food wastes
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Leather
Yard wastes
Wood
Glass
Metals
Ashes
Special wastes

(e.g bulky items, consumer

electronics, white goods, batteries,
oil,
tires),
and
household
hazardous wastes.)

2: Industrial

3:Commercial

4: Institutional

Housekeeping
wastes
Light and heavy
Packaging
manufacturing,
Food wastes
fabrication, construction
Construction and
sites, power and
demolition materials
chemical plants.
Hazardous wastes
Ashes
Special wastes.

Stores,
hotels,

restaurants,
markets,

office buildings, etc.

Schools,
prisons,
centers.

Paper
cardboard
plastics
wood
food wastes
glass
metals
special wastes
hazardous wastes

hospitals, Same as commercial.

government

5:Construction and demolition New construction sites, road Wood

repair,renovation
sites, steel
concrete
demolition of buildings
dirt etc.
6:Municipal services

Street cleaning, landscaping, Street sweepings

and
tree
parks,beaches,
other landscape
trimmings
recreational areas, water and
General wastes from parks
wastewater treatment plants.
Beaches
Recreational areas; sludge.

7:Process (manufacturing etc.) Heavy

and
light Industrial process wastes
Scrap materials
manufacturing,
refineries,chemical
plants, Off-specification products.
powerplants,
mineral
extraction and processing.
8:Agriculture

Spoiled food wastes

Agricultural wastes
Crops, orchards, vineyards,
Hazardous wastes (e.g.,
dairies, feedlots, farms.
pesticides).

CAUSES OF SOLID
WASTE
The main sources for solid wastes are

domestic, commercial, industrial, municipal,

and agricultural wastes.
The composition of a city waste is as follows:
Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
Garbage 22 %
Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
Metals 8 %
Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %

 The increase in the quantity of solid

waste is due to
Overpopulation,
Affluence (material comfort)
Technological advancement

EFFECTS OF SOLID
WASTE
a) Health Hazard
If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.
Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may
spread and cause loss of human lives.
In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a
health hazard for the workers who come in direct
contact with the waste

 organic domestic waste

exposure to hazardous waste
waste from agriculture and
industries
disposal of hospital and other
medical waste
waste treatment and disposal
sites
recycling

b) Environmental Impact
If the solid wastes are not treated properly,
decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may
take place.
The organic solid waste during decomposition
may generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT

 Waste management is the collection, transport,

processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of
waste materials.
The term usually relates to materials produced by
human activity, and is generally undertaken to
reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics.
Management is also carried out to recover resources
from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid,
gaseous or radioactive substances

 Waste management practices differ for developed

and developing nations, for urban and rural areas,
and for residential and industrial producers.
Management for non-hazardous waste residential
and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is
usually the responsibility of local government
authorities.
Management for non-hazardous commercial and
industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the
generator.

History of Disposal
In ancient cities:
wastes were thrown onto unpaved
streets and roadways, where they
were left to accumulate. It was not
until 320 bce in Athens that the first
known law forbidding this practice was
established. At that time a system for
waste removal began to evolve in
Greece and in the Greek-dominated
cities of the eastern Mediterranean.

 In ancient Rome:
- property owners were responsible for
cleaning the streets fronting their
property.
But
organized
waste
collection was associated only with
state-sponsored
events
such
as
parades. Disposal methods were very
crude, involving open pits located just
outside the city walls. As populations
increased, efforts were made to
transport waste farther out from the
cities.

 After the fall of Rome, waste

collection and municipal
sanitation began a decline that
lasted throughout the Middle
Ages. Near the end of the 14th
century, scavengers were given
the task of carting waste to
dumps outside city walls.

4 R's Concept
Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)
to be followed for waste management.

Refuse
Instead of buying new containers
from the market, use the ones that
are in the house. Refuse to buy new
items though you may think they are
prettier than the ones you already
have.

Reuse
Do not throw away
the soft drink cans or
the bottles; cover
them with homemade
paper or paint on
them and use them as
pencil stands or small
vases.

Recycle
Use shopping
bags made of
cloth or jute,
which can be
used over and
over again.

Reduce
Reduce the
generation of
unnecessary
waste, e.g. carry
your own shopping
bag when you go
to the market and
put all your
purchases directly
into it.

CONTROL MEASURES
The main purpose of solid waste
management is to minimize the adverse
effects on the environment. The steps
involved are:
Collection of solid wastes
Disposal of solid wastes
Utilization of wastes

COLLECTION OF SOLID
WASTES
Collection of waste includes gathering
the waste, transporting it to a
centralized location, and then moving it
to the site of disposal.
The collected waste is then separated into
Hazardous
Non-hazardous materials.

DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES

Before the final disposal of the solid
wastes, it is processed to recover the
usable resources and to improve the
efficiency of the solid waste disposal
system.

Kabankalan City

The appropriate solid waste disposal

method has to be selected, keeping in view
the following objectives:
1. Should be economically viable
2. Should not create a health hazard
3. Should not cause adverse environmental
effects
4. Should not result in unpleasant sight,
odor, and noise

UTILIZATIONS OF
WASTES
The solid wastes can be properly utilized
to gather the benefits such as:
Conservation of natural resources
Economic development
Generate many useful products
Employment opportunities
Control of air pollution

DISPOSAL OF SOLID
WASTE
Method of Solid Waste Disposal are:

Open Burning
Dumping into the Sea
Sanitary Landfills
Incineration
Composting
Ploughing in Fields
Hog Feeding
Grinding and discharging into Sewers
Salvaging
Fermentation and biological Digestion

OPEN BURNING
Not an ideal method in the present
day context

DUMPING INTO THE SEA

Possible only in coastal cities
Refuse shall be taken in barges sufficiently far
away from the coast (15-30 km) and dumped there
Very costly
Not environment friendly

SANITARY LANDFILLS
Disposing of waste in a landfill involves
burying the waste, and this remains a
common practice in most countries.
Landfills were often established in
Abandoned or unused quarries,
Mining voids
Borrow pits

Typical Sanitary Landfill

Video: How
Landfill
works

ENGINEERED LANDFILLS
consist of a liner system at the
bottom and the sides
leachate removal system
treatment of the leachate

A typical schematic design of an engineered landfill with a full

leachate and gas management. Source: UNEP (2002)

Treatment of Leachate
Landfill
leachates
will
cause
environmental
problems
if
not
handled properly. One of the most
promising methods of treating landfill
leachate are constructed wetlands as
they require little operation and
maintenance
The use of constructed wetlands to
treat
landfill
leachates
is
an
environmentally sustainable and cost
saving solution
Video (Leachate
Treatment)

Difference between DUMP and

LANDFILLS

1. A dump is an excavated piece of land used

as storage for waste materials while a landfill
is also an excavated piece of land for waste
storage but it is regulated by the
government.
2. A dump is smaller than a landfill.
3. A dump does not have leachate collection
and treatment systems while a landfill does.

4. A landfill has a liner at the bottom to catch the

liquid produced by solid waste while a dump does not
have a liner.
5. Landfills are covered daily with soil to deter pests
and prevent bad smells from being released into the air
while dumps may be covered or not.
6. After a while, landfills might produce toxic gases
which are released into the air and ground because the
waste materials cannot rot while dumps are hazards
because they can be located anywhere.

KABANKALAN CITY DUMP SITE

INCINERATION

Video (Incineration
Process)

COMPOSTING
Similar to sanitary landfilling
Yields a stable end product good soil
conditioner and may be used as a base
for fertilizers
Popular in developing countries
Decomposable organic matter is
separated and composted

Methods
Open window composting
Mechanical composting

VERMICOMPOSTING
In this method, worms are added
to the compost. These help to
break the waste and the added
excreta of the worms makes the
compost very rich in nutrients.

DISPOSAL by HOG FEEDING

Refuse is ground well in grinders and then

fed into sewers
Disposal of garbage into sewers BOD and
TSS increases by 20-30%
Disposal of residual refuse still a problem

SALVAGING
Materials like paper, metal, glass,
rags, certain types of plastic etc can
be salvaged, recycled, and reused

FERMENTATION OR BIOLOGICAL
DIGESTION
Biodegradable Waste convert to
compost
Recycle whatever is possible
Hazardous wastes dispose it by
suitable methods
Landfill or incinerate the rest

METHODS TO
REDUCE WASTES

RECYCLING
Recycling refers to the collection and reuse
of waste materials such as empty beverage
containers.
The materials from which the items are made
can be reprocessed into new products.
Material for recycling may be collected
separately from general waste using
dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or
sorted directly from mixed waste streams.

 The most common consumer products recycled

include:
Aluminum such as beverage cans
Copper such as wire
Steel food and aerosol cans
Old steel furnishings or equipment
Polyethylene and PET bottles
Glass bottles and jars
Paperboard cartons
Newspapers, magazines and light paper
Corrugated fiberboard boxes.

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Waste materials that are organic in nature, such
as
plant material
food scraps
paper products
Can be recycled using biological composting
and digestion processes to decompose the
organic matter

ENERGY RECOVERY
The energy content of waste products can
be harnessed directly by using them as a
Direct combustion fuel
Indirectly by processing them into
another type of fuel
There are 2 types of Thermal Treatment
Pyrolysis
Gasification

Video: Pyrolysis

Video: Gasification

AVOIDANCE AND REDUCTION

An important method of waste management
is the prevention of waste material being
created, also known as waste reduction.
Methods of avoidance includes:
Reuse of second-hand products
Repairing broken items instead of buying
new

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act:

nvironmental Protection Through Proper Solid Waste
Practices
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

RA 9003 describes solid waste management as a

discipline associated with the control of generation,
storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing,
and disposal of solid wastes. The manner by which
these activities are conducted shall be in accord with
the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering,
conservation,
aesthetics,
other
environmental considerations, and public attitudes. The
Act provides for a comprehensive ecological solid waste
management program by creating the necessary
institutional mechanisms and incentives, appropriating
funds, declaring certain acts prohibited, and providing
penalties.

THANK YOU!