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Straight Line
The graph of a linear equation is a straight
line.
The points at which the graph of a line
crosses the axes are called intercepts.
The x-intercept is the point at which the
graph crosses the x-axis; the y-intercept is
the point at which the graph crosses the
y-axis.
Slope of a Line
Slope of a line is an indicator of its
steepness.
The value of the slope of a straight line,
generally denoted by m is the ratio of the
vertical change to horizontal change
between two points on the line.
Computation of Slope
The slope of a non-vertical line that passes
through the points of (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
given by:
Slope m = y2 - y1
x2 - x1
y1 - y 2
x1 - x 2
Interpretation of Slope
The slope of a line can be interpreted as the
change in the vertical (in y) for one unit change
in the horizontal(in x).
For a positive slope, if x increases (decreases) by
one unit then y increases (decreases) by the value
of the slope.
For a negative slope, if x increases (decreases) by
one unit then y decreases (increases) by the value
of the slope.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE:
Find the slope of the line that passes
through the points (-10, 16) and (-14,26).
Interpret the slope.
Solution: Using the slope formula,
slope m = 26 - 16 = - 2.5.
-14 - (-10)
If x increases by one unit, then y decreases
by 2.5 units. Or, if x decreases by one unit,
then y increases by 2.5 units.
Point-Slope Form
An equation of a line that passes through
the point x1 , y1 with slope m is given
by:
y y1 m x x1
Ex. Find an equation of the line that passes through (3,1)
and has slope m = 4
y y1 m x x1
y 1 4 x 3
y 1 4 x 12
4 x y 11 0
Slope-Intercept Form
An equation of a line with slope m and
y-intercept 0,b is given by:
y mx b
Ex. Find an equation of the line that passes through
(0,4 ) and has slope m 4 / 5.
y mx b
4
y x4
5
General Form
The general form of an equation of a line
is given by:
Ax By C 0
Where A, B, and C are constants and A and
B are not both zero.
Vertical Lines
Can be expressed in the
form x = a
x=3
Horizontal Lines
Can be expressed in the
form y = b
y=2
EXAMPLE :
1. Graph linear equation
Find the intercepts of the equation 2x + 3y = 6 and
graph the equation.
To find x-intercept, let y=0
2x + 3y = 6
2x + 3(0) = 6
x = 3,
x-intercept is (3,0)
To find y-intercept, let x=0
2x + 3y = 6
2(0) + 3y = 6
y =2,
y-intercept is (0,2)
Intercept x(3,0) and y (0,2) to graph the equation.
EXAMPLE :
2. Graphing LE for a vertical line & finding the
equation of a vertical line
A vertical line is given by an equation of the form
x=a
Where (a,0) is the x-intercept
i)
EXAMPLE :
3. Graphing LE for a horizontal line & finding the
equation of a horizontal line
A horizontal line is given by an equation of the form
y=b
Where (0,b) is the y-intercept
EXAMPLE :
4. Calculate & Interpret the slope of a line
y2 y1
Rise (change in y)
Slope of a line: m =
= Run (change in x)
x 2 x1
i)
P(2,3)
P(2,3)
P(2,3)
P(2,3)
Q1(-1,-2)
Q2(3,-1)
Q3(5,3)
Q4(2,5)
5.
EXAMPLE :
Use the point-slope form of a line.
x1=1, y1=2
y-y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 4(x 1)
4x y = 2General Equation
EXAMPLE :
6. Find the equation of a line when two points are
given.
Find the equation of the line containing the points (2,3)
and (-4,5). Graph the line.
Since two points are given, compute the slope. Use one of
the point, lets say (2,3) and the slope m=-1/3 to get the
point-slope form of the equation of the line.
y-y1 = m(x x1)
y 3 = -1/3(x 2)..equation
y = -1/3x+11/3
7.
EXAMPLE :
Use the slope-intercept form of a line.
y = mx + b .slope-intercept form
Find the slope m and y-intercept (0,b) of the line
2x + 4y = 8. Graph the line.
To obtain the answers, transform the equation into its
slope-intercept form, need to solve y:
2x + 4y = 8
y = -1/2x + 2
So, the coefficient of x (-1/2) is the slope & the y-intercept
is (0,2)
Use
Equation
Point (x1,y1),
x=x1
Slope m
Two points
(x1,y1), (x2,y2)
Linear Function
A linear function can be expressed in the form
f ( x) mx b
Market Equilibrium
Market Equilibrium occurs when the quantity
produced is equal to the quantity demanded.
price
supply
curve
demand
curve
x units
Equilibrium Point
EXAMPLE
Demand & Supply
The supply and demand for flour have been estimated as being given
by the equations
S=0.8p+0.5
D=-0.4p+1.5
Where, p= dollar
S & D=pound units of flour
Find the market price and graph the supply and demand equations.
Solution:
The market price p is the solution of the equation
S=D
0.8p+0.5 = -0.4p+1.5
1.2p = 1
p = 0.8333
At price of $0.83 per pound, supply and demand for flour are equal.
EXAMPLE
Cost
A firm has fixed production costs of RM10 and variable production
costs of RM2 per unit produced.
i)
Write down the equation of total cost function
ii)
Graph the total cost function
Solution:
FC=RM10
VC=RM2x
Since TC=FC + VC, the total cost in producing x units;
C
TC = 10 + 2x
x
EXAMPLE
Revenue
Suppose each cone ice is sold for RM2.50 irrespective of the
number of units sold.
i) Write down the equation of total revenue function
ii) Graph the total revenue function
Solution:
i) Total revenue is price multiplied by the number of units sold,
that is
TR = 2.5x
ii) Note that price is constant at RM2.50 irrespective of value of x
EXAMPLE
Cost, Revenue & Profit
A manufacturer has a monthly fixed cost RM100 000 and a
production cost of RM14 for each unit produced. The product
sells for RM20 per unit.
i) What is cost function
ii) What is the revenue function
iii) What is profit function
Solution:
i) C(x) = 14x + 100 000
ii) R(x) = 20x
iii) P(x) = R(x) C(x) = 20x (14x + 100 000) = 6x 100 000
Break-Even Analysis
Point/position where a business does not make any profit
or loss, or in other words;
The break-even level of operation is the level of
production that results in no profit and no loss.
Total Revenue = Total Cost
Profit = Total Cost Total Revenue = 0
Dollars
Revenue
break-even point
loss
profit
Cost
Units
EXAMPLE
Break Even Points
Mammoth candies private limited has daily fixed costs from
salaries and building operations of RM300. Each pound of
candy produced RM1 and is sold RM2.
i) Find the TC of production for Q pounds of candy
ii) Find the TR from selling Q pounds of candy
iii) What is the break-even points?
Solution:
i) TC = RM1Q + RM300
ii) TR = RM2Q
iii) Break-even point is the point where TR = TC,
2Q = RM1Q + 300
Q = 300
EXAMPLE
Break Even Points
A manufacturer of video-game cartridges sells each cartridge
for RM19.95. The manufacturing costs of each cartridge is
RM14.95. Monthly fixed costs are RM8000. During the first
month of sales of a new game, how many cartridges must be
sold in order for the manufacturer to break-even?
Solution:
TC = RM14.95Q + 8000
TR = RM19.95Q
Break-even point is the point where TR = TC,
19.95Q = RM14.95Q + 8000
5Q = 8000
Q = 1600
Applications of Equations
Modeling: Translating relationships in the
problems to mathematical symbols.
Example - Mixture
A chemist must prepare 350 ml of a chemical
solution made up of two parts alcohol and three
parts acid. How much of each should be used?
Solution:
Let n = number of milliliters in each part.
2n 3n 350
5n 350
n
350
70
5
Example Profit
The Anderson Company produces a product for
which the variable cost per unit is $6 and the fixed
cost is $80,000. Each unit has a selling price of
$10. Determine the number of units that must be
sold for the company to earn a profit of $60,000.
Example Profit
Solution:
Let q = number of sold units.
variable cost = 6q
total cost = 6q + 80,000
total revenue = 10q
Since profit = total revenue total cost
60,000 10q 6q 80,000
140,000 4q
35,000 q
Example Investment
A total of $10,000 was invested in two business
ventures, A and B. At the end of the first year, A and
B yielded returns of 6%and 5.75 %, respectively, on
the original investments. How was the original
amount allocated if the total amount earned was
$588.75?
Solution:
Let x = amount ($) invested at 6%.
0.06 x 0.0575 10,000 x 588.75
0.06 x 575 0.0575 x 588.75
0.0025 x 13.75
x 5500
Exercise 1
Slope of a Line
The relationship between the taxi fare and the
number of miles traveled is linear. The taxi fare
is $12 at a distance of 40 miles and $22 at a
distance of 80 miles. What is the slope of the
line? What is meaning of the slope?
Exercise 2
Slope of a Line
It costs the Glass Company $880 to
produce 100 mirrors and $980 to produce
120 mirrors. Assume that the cost-output
function is linear
Find the slope of the cost-output line.
How much does the production of one
mirror add to the total cost of production?
Exercise 3
Linear Equation
Find the equation of the straight line
that passes through the points (3, 33)
and (6, 60).
Exercise 4
Linear Equation
As sales change from $100 to $400, selling expense (eg.
advertising, promotional materials distributed, rent of the sales offices, etc.)
Exercise 5
Break-Even Analysis
A manufacturer produces items at a
daily cost of $0.75 per item and sells
them for $1 per item. The daily
operational overhead is $300. What is
the break-even point?