General Description and Fundamentals

of WCDMA
ISSUE 1.0

Wireless Curriculum Development Section

Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of CDMA
Chapter 3 FDD Mode of WCDMA

Confidential

Standardization Course of ITU IMT-2000

1985:

FPLMTS, renamed as IMT-2000 in 1996

1992:

230MHz spectrum was allocated in WRC92

1999.3:

Key parameters of IMT-2000 RTT were completed

1999.11:

Technical specifications of IMT-2000 RTT were

completed
2000:

All the network standards of IMT2000 were completed

Family

concept was adopted in network part

Standardization

organizations

3GPP2(1999) were established

Confidential

such

as

3GPP(1998.12),

Direction of 3G Standard
The

development of 3G standard is drived by five forces:

The process of IMT-2000 (started in 1985)

Increasing requirements of radio services,

exceeded

the

capacity

of

systems

such

which have
as

D-AMPS,

GSM PDC and PHS.

Expected high-quality voice services

High speed data and multimedia services to be introduced into

radio network

The development speed of mobile communication is about one

generation per ten years

Confidential

Standardization Organization
3GPP

DECT
OHG

CATT
IMT-DS
IMT-TC (UTRA-TDDHCR)

IMT-FC

IMT-TC (UTRA-TDDLCR)

IMT-2000 Recommendations

3GPP2

IMT-MC
IMT-SC

SRAN
All-IP

UWCC

Satellites
3G.IP

OHG = operators Harmonization Group

UWCC = Universal Wireless Communications Consortium

Confidential

Main CDMA 3G Proposals

Regional

U.S.

Korea

Standard Radio

Transmission

Organization(RSO)

Technology(RTT)

TIA(TR 45.5)

cdma2000

T1

WCDMA

TTA

TTA1(~cdma2000)
TTA2(~WCDMA)

Japan

ARIB

WCDMA

Europe

ETSI(SMG 2)

WCDMA

China

CWTS

TD-SCDMA

Confidential

Spectrum Allocation of IMT-2000

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2010 MHz

ITU

IMT 2000

IMT 2000

MSS

2170 MHz

IMT A2000

1910

1885
1890
1895

EF

1865

1870

C PHS

D B

FDD
WLL

1918

1895

1885

1865

Japan

USA

CDMA

1980

FDD TDD
WLL WLL

1960

CDMA

1965
1970
1975

GSM
1800

2025MHz

cellular(2)

1945

cellular(2)

MSS

1850

Confidential

1900

1950

EF

IMT A2000

MSS

2000

MSS

2165 MHz

1990 MHz

PCS
A

MSS

1980 MHz

1920

cellular(1)

UMTS

MSS

1880 MHz

1945

1805 MHz

China

UMTS

GSM 1800 DECT

1930

Europe

2170 MHz

2110 MHz

2025 MHz

1885 MHz

MSS

Broadcast auxiliary

2050

2100

Reserve

215
0

MSS

220
0

225
0

3G Spectrum (After WARC2000)

800

ITU Identifications

850

1700

1750

1800 1850

1900

IMT 2000

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2500

2550

2600 2650 2700

Cellular

GSM

GSM 1800

GSM

[GSM 1800, PCS]

PDC

Confidential

MSS

IMT 2000

MSS

UMTS

MSS

UMTS

MSS

UMTS

IMT 2000

MSS

IMT 2000

MSS

IMT 2000

IMT 2000

MSS

IMT2000

IMT 2000

MSS

IMT 2000

IMT 2000

PCS
A D B EF C

UPCS

Cellular

IMT 2000

IMT 2000

PHS

Americas***

1000

DECT

Japan,
Korea (w/o PHS)

950

Europe

China**

900

MSS
A D B EF C

Reserve

MSS

IMT 2000

QoS Requirements of Different Services

Sensitivity
of error
conversational

streaming

interactive

background

Sensitivity
of delay

Confidential

Target of IMT-2000
Global

uniform frequency band and standard, global seamless

coverage
High

efficient spectrum utility

High

quality of service, high security

Easy

for evolution from 2G system

Providing

multimedia service

Car speed environment: 144kbps

Walk speed environment: 384kbps

Indoor environment: 2048kbps

Confidential

Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of CDMA
Chapter 3 FDD Mode of WCDMA

Confidential

Fundamentals of CDMA

Radio

Transmission Environment

Multiple

Access Technology and

Duplex Technology
CDMA Principle

Confidential

Multi-path
Transmit
signal

Received
signal
Time

Confidential

Fading
Transmit

Signal

Received
0
-5
-10

dB

-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

Confidential

Signal

Fading
Received Power(dBm)
Fast fading

-20

Slow fading

-40

-60

10

Confidential

20

30

Distance(m)

Frequency Selection Fading

P(f)

P(f)
Fading

Narrowband
System
Transmit Signal

Received Signal

P(f)

P(f)

Fading

Broadband
System
Transmit Signal

Confidential

Received Signal

Multi-path Characteristics of Mobile

Channel
Electromagnetic
Signal

transmission - reflection,scattering, diffraction

fading can be divided into three parts in radio

environment:

Path loss: with big range of fading

Big scale fading: slow fading, with middle range of fading,

also with logarithm normal distribution characteristic

Two

Small scale fading: fast-speed, with small range of fading

typical types of small scale fading include:

Rayleigh distribution (not line-of-sight transmission)

Ricean distribution(line-of-sight transmission)

Confidential

Fundamentals of CDMA

Radio

Transmission Environment

Multiple

Access Technology and

Duplex Technology
CDMA Principle

Confidential

Multiple Access Technology and Duplex

Technology
Multiple

access technology

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Duplex

technology

Time division duplex (TDD)

Frequency division duplex (FDD)

Confidential

Multiple Access Technology

Frequency

Frequency

Traditional Multiple
Access Technology
Time
FDMA

Time
TDMA

Frequency

Code Division Multiple

Access Technology

Time

Code

Confidential

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

High

utilization of spectrum. Coefficient of frequency

multiplex in WCDMA is 1.
CDMA

is a soft capacity limitation system.

When the number of UEs increase, to all the UEs, system

performance descends, whereas, when the number of UEs
reduces, system performance increases.

CDMA

is a Self interference system.

To one UE, all the other UEs signals are interference.

Confidential

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

frequency

DS

FH

TH
time

Confidential

Configuration of CDMA System

Source
coding

Channel
coding

Spreading

Modulation

Radio channel

Source
decoding

Confidential

Channel
decoding

Despreading

Demodulation

Fundamentals of CDMA

Radio

Transmission Environment

Multiple

Access Technology and

Duplex Technology
CDMA Principle

Confidential

Autocorrelation and cross correlation Characteristic

of Spreading Code

Different UEs adopt different spreading codes:x1(t)

x2(t)

Autocorrelation characteristic determines multi-path interference;

Cross

correlation

characteristic

interference.

Autocorrelation function

R()=<x1(t) x1(t+)>

Cross correlation function

V()=<x1(t) x2(t+)>

Confidential

determines

multi-access

Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator

clong,1,n
LSB

MSB

clong,2,n

The randomicity of Gold sequence is very good;

The probability of 0 and 1 are both about 1/2 and the probability
of continuous 0 or 1 is very small;
Gold sequence is used for scrambling.

Confidential

OVSF&Walsh
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1

Confidential

SF = 2

SF = 4

SF and Service Rate

Symbol Rate*SF=Chip Rate

In

WCDMA

system,

if

chip

rate=3.84MHz,

SF=4,

then

symbol

rate=960Kbps;

In cdma2000-1x system, if chip rate=1.2288MHz, SF=64, then symbol rate

=19.2Kbps;

Symbol Rate=(Service Rate + Checking Code)*Channel Coding Rate*

Repeat or Puncture Rate

In WCDMA system, if service rate=384Kbps, channel coding=1/3 Turbo

coding, then symbol rate=960Kbps;

In cdma2000-1x system, if service rate=9.6Kbps, channel coding=1/3

Convolutional coding, then symbol rate=19.2Kbps;

Confidential

Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)

Symbol

Data

-1
Chip

Spreading
1

Spreading code

-1
1

Spreading signal
=Datacode

-1

Despreading
Spreading code
Data
=Spreadingcode

Confidential

1
-1
1
-1

Principles of Correlation Receivers (DSCDMA)

Desired signal
1

Desired spreading signal

-1
1

Spreading code

-1
1

Data after despreading

-1
8

Data after integration

-8

Other users signal

Other spreading signal

Other signal after despreading

1
-1
8

Other signal after integration

Confidential

-8

Spectrum Changing in the Spreading and

Despreading
Spreading code

P(f)

P(f)

Narrowband signal

P(f)

Broadband signal
f

Noise

Recovered signal

Signal
Combination

P(f)
f

Confidential

Noise+Broadband signal

Spreading code

P(f)
f

Structure and Working Principles of RAKE

Receiver
Input signal
(from baseband)

I
Correlator

Phase
Rotator

Delay
Equalizer

Channel
Code
generators estimator

Q
Path 1
Path 2
Path 3

Matched
Filter

Confidential

Combiner

Advantages of CDMA in Radio Transmission

RAKE receiver is adopted. The time diversity effect generated by channel

coherence time is efficiently used.

Broadband transmission system- the effect of frequency diversity is utilized.

Low signal transmission power - interference is decreased, while security is

increased.

Spreading factor can be changed flexiblely. Helpful for transmitting multiple rate
concurrent services such as multimedia.

High utilization of spectrum, superior to previous AMPS and GSM. Coefficient of

frequency multiplex in WCDMA is 1, while in GSM, it is 1~18.

Supporting soft handover and softer handover.

Supporting the application of new technology, such as multi-user detection.

Downlink transmit diversity (unique in WCDMA).

Confidential

Course Contents
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of CDMA
Chapter 2 Introduction to IMT-2000
Chapter 3 FDD Mode of WCDMA

Confidential

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Channel
Chip

bandwidth: 5MHz

rate: 3.84Mcps

Frame
Voice

length: 10ms

coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)

Uplink

and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK

Coherence
Fast

demodulation aided with pilot

closed loop power control: 1500Hz

Handover:
Support

Confidential

soft/hard handover

synchronous and asynchronous NodeB operation

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Satisfy

the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000

Compatible

with GSM-MAP core network

Comparatively
Support
Support

steady version R99 has been released

open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode

Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink

Share Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode

Support

macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB location

Support

different fast power control algorithms and open loop,

out loop power control

Fully

support UE locating services

Confidential

WCDMA Voice Evolution

Adopt

AMR voice coding, and support voice quality of

4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps
Adopt

soft handover and transmit diversity to improve system

capacity
Provide
Fast

high fidelity voice mode

power control

Confidential

Data Service Evolution of WCDMA

Support

maximum 2Mbps data service

Support

packet switch

Adopt

ATM platform currently

Provide

QoS

Common

Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share

Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services better

Provide
TFCI

mobile IP service(dynamic allocation of IP addresses)

domain provides dynamic data rate

Provide

high-quality support for uplink-downlink symmetric

data service, such as voice, video phone, conference TV

Confidential

Confidential