Sexual Reproduction in Human

testis

ovary

meiosis

sperms

meiosis
fertilization

zygote
embryo
foetus
baby

eggs (ova)

Male Reproductive System

vas deferens
(sperm duct)
epididymis
Click here

testis

Testes
For production of male gametes (sperms)
For production of male sex hormones

Click here

Epididymis
For temporarily storage of sperms
During copulation, muscles of epididymis
contract to release sperms

Click here

Testis and epididymis

epididymis

vas deferens
(sperm duct)

sperm tubules

Male Reproductive System

secrete
seminal
fluid

seminal
vesicle
prostate
gland
Cowpers
gland

Functions of Seminal Fluid

To provide a medium for the sperms to
swim
To activate and nourish the sperms
To neutralize the acidity in the female
reproductive tract

Male Reproductive System

urethra
penis

Penis
Erected during copulation for insertion into
vagina
Dilation of arterioles causes the erectile tissue
of penis become turgid
Muscles of epididymis contract
Semen is squeezed from the penis to the top of
vagina

Ejaculation

Female Reproductive System

oviduct
ovary
uterus
cervix
vagina
Video of
fertilization
Click here

Functions of Ovary
For production of female gametes
(ova/eggs)
For production of female sex hormones

Click here

Oviduct
Carries the ovum forward by
the beating action of the cilia on its inner
surface
the contraction of muscles of oviduct

Click here

Ovulation
The release of an ovum from an ovary

Video of
ovulation

Video of
ovulation

Menstrual Cycle
Once in about 28 days
The uterine lining becomes thickened 14
days after ovulation to prepare for the
fertilized ovum to implant in it

Menstrual Cycle
Day
Day 128
6 -- 5-1428
14

Video on change in
uterine lining

Menstruation
Lining
No
implantation
becomes
remains
thick
thicker
of fertilization
to ready
with increased
forovum
implantation
blood
starts
supply
of
fertilized
ovum
Uterine
lining
breaks down;
menstruation
Uterine
lining
decreases
in thickness
to a starts
minimum
Day 14 : ovulation

Events Happened after

Fertilization
Ovum is fertilized at the oviduct
Fertilized ovum is carried to the uterus by
the beating cilia on the inner wall of oviduct
the contraction of muscles of oviduct

After reaching the uterus, the fertilized ovum

fixed firmly onto the thick uterine wall
Implantation

Development of Human Foetus

uterus
foetus
placenta
umbilical cord
amnion
amniotic fluid
Video on foetus
development

Click here

Functions of the Uterus

During embryo development
Protect the embryo
Provide a constant environment for the embryo
to develop
Allow placenta to attach on

During birth of baby

Push the baby out by muscular contraction
Click here

Functions of the Amniotic Fluid

To keep the foetus moist to prevent
dessication
As a water cushion to

support the foetus

allow it to move freely
absorb shock
protect the foetus from mechanical injuries

To reduce temperature fluctuation

To lubricate the vagina during birth

Click here

The Placenta
oxygenated blood from
mothers artery
deoxygenated blood to
mothers vein
villus
umbilical vein
umbilical artery

Functions of the Placenta

As a place of exchange of materials
between mother and the foetus
For secreting hormones

Adaptations of the Placenta

Finger-like villi
to increase the surface area for efficient diffusion

Maternal blood and foetal blood flows in

opposite direction
to speed up diffusion of materials between them

Maternal blood capillaries and foetal blood

capillaries are separated by thin membrane
to shorten the distance of diffusion of materials

Adaptations of the Placenta

Maternal blood is separated from foetal
blood by capillary wall
to prevent high pressure of maternal blood to
break the delicate foetal blood vessels
to prevent harmful substances to enter the
foetus
to prevent clotting of maternal and foetal blood
if their blood groups are incompatible
Click here

The Birth Process

Onset of labour
Uterine muscles begin
to make rhythmic
contractions
Contractions
gradually become
stronger and closer

The Birth Process

Muscular
Uterine
Further
Dilationcontractions
of cervix
contractions
push
push
out
allowthe
theplacenta
head
of the
the
causes
of
the
foetus
body
amnion
head to
first
foetus
to
pass
through
break
and
the
amniotic
vagina,
After
birth
through
and
fluidthe
to escape
umbilical
out
cord
of theisvagina
cut and tied

Parental Care
To increase the chance of
survival of the young
Mother feeds milk to the baby
Milk provides the babies with a
balanced diet
It also contains antibodies
which defend the babies against
infection

Birth Control
Human population
increases
exponentially
leads to storage of
resources
problem of
pollution becomes
more serious
overcrowding

Rhythm Method
Prevent copulation during 7 days before and
after ovulation (fertile period)

Condom
Male and female condom
As a barrier to prevent sperms from
entering the vagina

Diaphragm
Fitted over the cervix
To be used together with spermicides

Contraceptive Pills
Contains hormones which inhibit ovulation
Must be taken regularly
May have side effect

Surgical Methods
Vasectomy
Cutting and tying
of sperm ducts

Tubal ligation
Cutting and tying
of oviducts