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FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS

Contents
Introduction
Flow of gas through a nozzle
Flow in a pipe
Velocity of propagation of pressure wave
Converging-diverging nozzles for gas flow
Shock waves

Learning Outcome

The student should develop an understanding of the concept

of

compressible flow, apply energy equation to compressible flow and


determine flow rate under compressible conditions

INTRODUCTION
Fluids: gas or liquid
Both are compressible to certain degree
Liquid has very high bulk modulus-regarded
incompressible
Under normal conditions, gases are compressiblelow bulk
modulus
We will consider only flow of ideal gases
Density change is key
Conditions such as isothermal (good heat transfer to
surrounding, small equipment, low flow rate) and adiabatic
(large installations, high flow rate) will be considered
Applications: flow in pipes, flow through orifices and nozzles

FLOW OF GAS THROUGH A NOZZLE OR ORIFICE


Applications:
Design of relief valves for pressurized systems- helps
protect equipment and personnel when equipment is
operated at pressures above design pressure
Venting gases evolving from chemical reaction
Lets consider the conditions below in which we aim to
determine flow:
-Gas flows through aperture (mass flow and velocity)
-Vessel maintained at condition 1 and discharges at
condition 2

For isentropic conditions

2
wc

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Flow in a pipe
Compressibility affects relation between flowrate and
pressure
Density changes as a result of pressure and temperature
changes
For a pipe connecting two reservours: one at upstream
P1 (constant) and another at downstream P2
1. when P1 =P2, no flow G=0
2. reduction of P2 initially results in increase in G
3. G increases until the gas line velocity reaches sonic
velocity at P2=Pw
4. Further reduction in P2 has no effect on the flow

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