Derivation for the expression of Fmuf

for Flat Earth

Virtual Height

Caluculation of Virtual
Height

Virtual Hieght is different for different

layers
A short duration pulse of RF energy is
transmitted vertically towards the layers.
The Rx receives both the signals: Direct
signal from tx and reflected signal from the
ionized layers.
Using Echo principle the VH is caluculated.
Alternatively the direct and reflected
signals at the receiver are connected to a
oscilloscope, gives spacing between the
two pulses on the time axis.
Instrument : IONOSONDE Pulse duration
150micr sec. Calculate the time.

T
h C c velocity of light
2

 Skip Distance
A skip distance is the distance a radio wave
travels, usually including a hop in the
ionosphere.
A skip distance is a distance on the Earth's
surface between the two points where
radio waves from a transmitter, refracted
downwards by different layers of the
ionosphere, fall.
It also represents how far a radio wave has
travelled per hop on the Earth's surface, for
radio waves such as the short wave (SW) radio
signals that employ continuous reflections for
transmission.

The skip distance is the shortest

distance from a transmitter, measured
along the surface of the Earth, at which
a sky wave of fixed frequency (more
than fc) will be returned to Earth.

When the angle of incidence is made quite large, as for

ray 1 of the below figure, the sky wave returns to
ground at a long distance from the transmitter.
As this angle is slowly reduced, naturally the wave
returns closer and closer to the transmitter, as shown
by rays 2 and 3.
If the angle of incidence is now made significantly less
than that of ray 3, the ray will be too close to the
normal to be returned to Earth.

 It may be bent noticeably, as for ray 4, or only

slightly, as for ray 5.
In either case the bending will be insufficient
to return the wave, unless the frequency
being used for communication is less than the
critical frequency {which is most unlikely}; in
that case everything is returned to Earth.
Finally, if the angle of incidence is only just
smaller than that of ray 3, the wave may be
returned, but at a distance farther than the
return point of ray 3:a ray such as this ray 6
of below figure.
Ray 3 is incident at an angle, which results in
its being returned as close to the transmitter
as a wave of this frequency can be.
Accordingly, the distance is the skip distance.

Space Wave Propagation

Range of Space Wave Propagation
Or
Line of Sight Distance

LOS is that distance between the Tx and Rx, in which if a

direct ray passes from the Tx to the Rx without being
intercepted by the bulge in the earth surface considering
the .
The Tx antenna must see atleast the top of the Rx
Antenna.

 Let d be the distance between the Tx

and Rx.
ht and hr be the hieghts
Line of sight distance d=d1+d2
r-radius of the earth-6370KM
2
2
2
d1 From
ht r triangle
r 2 ht rABO
2ht r and
r 2 CBO
2rht mts
2
2
2
d 2 hr r r hr r 2 2hr r r 2 2rhr mts
d 2rht 2rhr 2r

d 2 * 6370 *103

d 12.74 *106

ht hr

ht hr

d 3.57 ht hr KM

ht hr mts