Describe the symptoms, causes, and treatments

of:

Female infertility
Ovarian Cysts
Breast Cancer
Human Papillomavirus

 The cause of about 1/3 of

infertility of couples
Diagnosed after a couple cannot
get pregnant after a year of trying
Can be caused by many factors

 Associated w/ hormonal
imbalances
Result from altered function of
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, or
ovaries
Typically after long use of birth control
pill

Structural abnormalities
Small or bicornuate uterus

 Obstruction of fallopian tubes

Scar tissue or endometriosis

Access of viable sperm

Change in vaginal pH
Due to infection or douches

Excessively thick cervical mucus

Development of antibodies in
female to particular sperm

Smoking by male or female

 For hormonal causes:

Fertility drugs artificially supplement
hormones which trigger follicle
maturation
For obstructive disorders:
Surgery can correct blockages

Artificial Insemination

Intrauterine Insemination
Healthy sperm are placed inside the uterus at the
time of ovulation

In Vitro Fertilization
Retrieve mature eggs from a
female, fertilize them with sperm in
a dish in a lab, return them to the
uterus to grow

 Take 3 minutes to write a

comparison of female infertility
to male infertility in your notes.
Be sure to compare both the
causes and treatments of
infertility.

 Irregular menstrual periods

Pelvic pain during intercourse,
before/after menstruation
Vomiting

 Multiple fluid-filled sacs form

under serosa that covers ovary
An ovarian follicle either doesnt
release its ovum during
ovulation or a follicle that has
released its ovum produces
large amount of estrogen and
progesterone.

 Birth control pills can help

reduce the risk of producing
cysts in the future
Surgery may be necessary if
the cyst is growing quickly

 Major cause of death in women

Incidence continues to increase after
age of 20
Strong genetic predisposition

identification of specific genes related to

cancer

Hormones also a factor

Specifically exposure to high estrogen

levels

Long period of regular menstrual cycles (early

menarche to late menopause)
No kids (nulliparily)
Delay of 1st pregnancy

Role of exogenous estrogen (birth control

pills, supplements) still controversial

 Initial sign is single, hard, painless nodule

Mass is freely movable in early stage,
and becomes fixed later
Advanced signs
Fixed nodule
Dimpling of skin
Discharge from nipple
Change in breast contour
Biopsy confirms diagnosis of malignancy

 Cause is unknown
Breast cells begin to rapidly
regenerate. The cells
accumulate and form a mass.

 Surgery
Lumpectomy
Preferred; removal of tumor

Mastectomy
Sometimes necessary

Some lymph nodes removed as well

# removed depends on the spread of the tumor
cells
Impairs draining of lymph; swelling and stiffness of arm
common

Chemo and radiation

Useful for eradicating undetected
micrometastases

 In most cases, the body will

eliminate the virus before it can
create symptoms
Warts on genitals
Can lead to cervical cancer

 The most common sexually transmitted

infection in the United States
The infection enters through an small
abrasion or cut on the upper layer of the
skin
The virus can be contracted by oral sex
as well

 Over the counter topical

ointments (salicylic acid)
Surgical removal or freezing with
liquid nitrogen