1.

Make sure you gather enough evidence to back up your

argument: Do I have proof to back up what I want to say?
2. Organize your thoughts clearly and logically: Will my audience
be really clear about what I have said?
3. Use strong, convincing language: Do I sound confident? Have I
used too many over-used words like good, very, really, like, etc.?
4. Repeat, rephrase key ideas: Will my audience hear what I want to
say? Will my main points stick with them?
5. Make eye contact with everyone in the room: Do I make
everyone in my audience feel as if I am talking directly to them?
6. Vary your voice: Do I sound monotonous? Have I varied the pace?
Have I varied the volume, saving my loudest voice for the points I really
want to drive home?
7. Use appropriate gestures: Does my body language emphasize
what I want to say?
8. Prepare for rebuttal: Have I considered what the opposition will
say; am I prepared to argue against it?
9. Prepare for questions: Have I considered what questions will be
asked of me? Am I prepared to answer them convincingly?
10. Practise, practise, practise: Am I really prepared?

 Is the topic presented clearly and logically?

Is the presentation clearly organized with an introduction, middle, and
conclusion?
Does the speaker have a thorough knowledge of the subject?
Did the speaker gather information from a variety of sources?
Did the speaker use visual aids to support the presentation?
Did the speaker use appropriate tone and language for a classroom
presentation?
Did the speaker use effective eye contact with the audience?
Did the speaker talk fluently without false starts?
Did the speaker vary the volume of speech?
Did the speaker vary the rate of speech?
Did the speaker articulate clearly?
Did the speaker use conjunctions effectively? (e.g., and, then, because)
Did the speaker explain unfamiliar terms to others?
Did the speaker talk for the appropriate amount of time?
Did the speaker avoid unnecessary movements such as shuffling, toe
tapping and shaking?
Did the speaker involve the audience in the presentation?

Self-confident and assured. They dont appear nervous or ill at ease.

Seem to be enjoying themselves; they are playful, humorous, happy.
are lively & energetic.
Knowledgeable about their subject.
Look good, they have a stage presence.
Speak without stumbling, using full sentences and correct grammar,
without ers and uhs.
Have an opinion about their subject. They care about it. You can
sense their emotion, enthusiasm, and conviction.
Relate their topic to the broader scheme of things, they are
expansive, inspiring, and uplifting.
Create a strong rapport with their audience, they connect.
positive in outlook, cheerful, and cooperative.
Organized; their points are clearly connected and logically follow one
another, with an overview at the beginning and a conclusion at the
end. They are precise and complete.
Honest, well mannered, patient, fair, and responsible.

E-mail messages
Business letters
Reports
Proposals

Basic Requirements
Be clear about your goal and communicate it
Explain what you want the person receiving it

to do
Explain the benefits for responding as
requested
Establish credibilityand show respect for the
reader
Choose an appropriate communication
method.

Be clear about your goal

and communicate it

What are you trying to achieve by the

communication?
Do you want someone to do something for you?
Do you want them to take a specific action in

response to your message?

Do you want to pass along information where
the receiving person does not need to reply?
Do you want to discuss a subject and exchange
views with someone else?

Basic Principles
Keep it short
Attract attention
Avoid negative writing
Re-read before sending
Use key words
When to write
Be positive
Writing style

A Bad Example
Hi I 'm looking for some information about

managing change. What this?How it works?

Could you also give me some examples about
that topis and a small texr dealing about that?
Thanks in advance.

A Good Example
Dear Barbara and Michael,
I was looking at your website and thought you might be interested in submitting an article,
500-700 words, for our new online newsletter, Working Spirit: for those of us who are
unwilling to "leave our souls in the parking lot" during the work week.
The first issue of Working Spirit is slated to be delivered to over 10,000 CEOs, managers
and HR people in corporations all over the country in early September. We intend to
introduce principals of spirituality and values-based management techniques to CEOs,
HR people, and other corporate professionals. Suze Orman is the featured interview for
the first issue.
Working Spirit is produced by Brush Dance, Inc. We are a leading publisher of greeting
cards, journals, calendars, and gift items for the Mind, Body, Spirit community. Currently,
Brush Dance products are sold in 2,000 stores throughout the United States, including
national outlets such as Barnes & Noble (our cards are the number one seller in Barnes
and Noble nationwide), Bed Bath & Beyond, Whole Foods, Papyrus and Borders.
I hope to hear from you soon regarding the newsletter and article possibilities. Perhaps
you'd like to exchange links as well.
Sincerely,
Randy Peyser
(c) Copyright 2000 Randy Peyser www.brushdance.com

Exercise
Write a letter asking a teacher for permission
to use his/her name as a prospective job
reference.
Writers Checklist
State why the reference is being requested.
Specify the types of position being applied for. Give

the names of companies, if any are known at the

time that may be asking for references.
Mention pertinent details to help the recipient
remember you and important facts about you.
Express appreciation for the assistance.

Exercise
Locate a realistic job in current want ads. Then
write a letter replying to the advertisement.
Writers Checklist
Specify the exact job or type of position being sought.
If you are not applying for a known opening, give your

reasons for inquiring.

Emphasize any experience that relates directly to the job.
Mention other experience, education, and qualifications
that would contribute to your potential in the job.
Enclose a resume.
State when you are available for an interview.
Give a telephone number where you can be reached or
where messages can be left for you.

Aristotles Model of
Communication

Basic Model of
Communication

Berlos S-M-C-R Model of

Communication (1960)

Schramms Model of
Communication

Barriers to
Communication
1. Physical barriers
2. Perceptual barriers
3. Emotional barriers
4. Cultural barriers
5. Language barriers
6. Gender barriers
7. Interpersonal barriers

Physical Barriers
Environmental Disturbances.
Personal Health.
Poor Hearing.
Time and Distance.
Mechanical barriers
Non availability of proper machines.
Presence of defective machines.
Interruption
Power failure

Perceptual Barriers
Lack of common experience.
Overuse of abstractions.
From The Receivers Side:
Interrupting the speaker.
Asking too many questions, for the sake of probing.

From The Senders Side:

Unclear messages.
Incomplete sentences.
No clarifications.

Perceptual filters

Emotional Barriers
Confused thinking
Communication overload
Unnecessary repetitions
Attitude creates social evils
Liking and relationships
Triggers and cues

Culture Barriers
Cross cultural differences
Rituals, traditions and practices
Etiquettes
Compatibility for membership in a group
Group norms

Language Barriers
Different languages
Lack of common experience

Gender Barriers
Women
Prefer conversation for rapport building
Want empathy, not solutions
Are more likely to compliment
Emphasize politeness
More conciliatory

Men
Talk as a means to preserve independence and status by displaying

knowledge and skill

Work out problems on an individualized basis
Are more directive in conversation
Are more intimidating
Call attention to their accomplishments
Tend to dominate discussions during meetings

Interpersonal Barriers
Barriers to intimacy in communication
Withdrawal
Rituals
Pastime
Activity
Psychological Games

Overcoming Communication
Barriers
1. Speak slowly and clearly
2. Ask for clarification
3. Frequently check for understanding
4. Avoid idioms
5. Be careful of jargon
6. Define the basics meaning of terms
7. Be specific
8. Choose your medium of communication
Effectively
9. Provide information via multiple channels
10. Be patient

Exercise

Come up with a practical solution in removing listening

obstacles such as:
People working in isolated office or environment
Dealing with a customer who talks too much
Working in a noisy workplace
Dealing with a frustrated client
Dealing with visual distractions at workplace
Each team has 10 minutes to come up with at least one
solution for each scenario.
At the end of the activity, one representative from each team
writes down their ideas on the board and explains how his or
her team came up with the solutions.