02 03 Overcurrent Protection

Protection Engineering
And Research Laboratories

Session II & III :
Over current Protection
9th
Training on Power System Element Protection,

& 17th March, 2007 at L&T Manappakam, Chennai.
Dr. G. Pradeep Kumar
Contents
Introduction
Over current protection principles
Setting principles
Co-ordination examples
Over current protection application
Directional over current protection
2007 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories
9th March
Introduction
9th March
Introduction
Detect abnormal conditions
Isolate faulty part of the system
Speed
Fast operation to minimise damage and danger
Discrimination
Isolate only the faulty section
Dependability / reliability
Security / stability
Cost of protection / against cost of potential
hazards
9th March
Over Current Protection

Co-ordination
F1
F2
F3
Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to

fault operates first
Minimise system disruption due to the fault
9th March

Fuses
Simple
Can provide very fast fault clearance
<10ms for large current
Limit fault energy

Arcing Time
Pre Arc
Time
Prospective Fault
Current
Total
Operating
Time
9th March
Overcurrent Protection
Fuses - Disadvantages
Problematic co-ordination
Fuse A
Fuse B
IFA approx 2 x IFB
Limited sensitivity to earth faults

Single phasing
Fixed characteristic
Need replacing following fault clearance
9th March

Direct Acting AC Trip (1)
Directly connected trip coil
Trip
IF
Trip
Coil
Oil dashpot
Time lag
9th March

Time limit fuse
I F'
Fuse
Trip Coil
IF
9th March

No volt trip coil
IF
IF
'
5
1
Used for fail-safe tripping of motor feeders

9th March
10

AC series trip
51
Trip Coil
IF
Common for electromechanical O/C relays

9th March
11

Capacitor discharge
trip
I F'
+
51
-
Sensitive
Trip
Coil
IF
Used with static relays where no secure DC

supply is available
9th March
12

DC Shunt Trip
IF
I F'
51
DC
BATTERY
Requires secure DC auxiliary
No trip if DC fails
SHUNT
TRIP
COIL
9th March
13
Over Current
Protection Principles
9th March
14

Principles
Operating Speed
Instantaneous
Time delayed
Discrimination
Current setting
Time setting
Current and time
Cost
Generally cheapest form of protection relay
9th March
15

Instantaneous Relays
B
50
IF2
50
IF1
Current settings chosen so that only the relay

closest to fault operates
Problem
Relies on there being a difference in fault level
between the two relay locations
Cannot discriminate if IF1 = IF2
9th March
16

Definite Time Relays
51
51
0.9 sec
0.5 sec
Operating time is independent of fault current

Relay closest to fault has shortest operating
time
Longest operating time is at the source where
fault level is highest
9th March
17

Definite Time Relays
TIME
TOP
IS
Applied Current
(Relay Current Setting)

9th March
18

Inverse Time Relays
TIME
IS
(Relay Current Setting)
Applied Current
Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic

9th March
19

Disc Type O/C Relays
COIL
DISC
1 2
SHADING RINGS
IT
I1
E1
Disc rotates due to action of two fluxes

9th March
20

Disc Type O/C Relays
Current setting via plug bridge
Time multiplier setting via disc
movement
Single characteristic
Consider 2 ph & EF or 3 ph plus
additional EF relay
9th March
21

Static relay
Electronic, multi characteristic
Fine settings, wide range
Integral instantaneous elements
Numerical relay
I>1
Multiple characteristics and stages

Current settings in primary or
I>2
Tim
e
I>3
secondary values
Additional protection elements
I>4
Curren
t
9th March
22
Setting Principles
9th March
23

Co-ordination
Systematic application of current-actuated protective
devices in the electrical power system, which, in response to
a fault or overload, will remove only a minimum amount of
equipment from service.
The coordination study of an electric power system consists
of an organized time-current study of all devices in series
from the utilization device to the source.
This study is a comparison of the time it takes the individual
devices to operate when certain levels of normal or
abnormal current pass through the protective devices.
9th March
24

Co-ordination - Objective
To determine the characteristics, ratings, and settings of
overcurrent protective devices.
To ensure that the minimum unfaulted load is interrupted
when the protective devices isolate a fault or overload
anywhere in the system.
At the same time, the devices and settings selected should
provide satisfactory protection against overloads on the
equipment and interrupt short circuits as rapidly as possible.
Minimize the equipment damage and process outage costs,

To protect personnel from the effects of these failures.
9th March
25

Co-ordination Study
Primary Considerations
Short Circuit currents
Maximum and minimum momentary (first cycle) shortcircuit current
Maximum and minimum interrupting duty (5 cycle to 2
s) short-circuit current
Maximum and minimum ground-fault current
9th March
26

Co-ordination Study
Pick-up current
pickup is defined as that minimum current that starts
an action.
pickup current of an overcurrent relay is the minimum
value of current that will cause the relay to close its
contacts.
For an induction disk overcurrent relay, pickup is the
minimum current that will cause the disk to start to
move and ultimately close its contacts.
9th March
27
IEC IDMT Characteristics

1000
SI
t =
0.14
Operating Time (s)
(I0.02 -1)
100
VI
t = 13.5
(I -1)
10
LTI
SI
EI
t =
80
(I2 -1)
1
VI
EI
LTI
t =
120
(I - 1)
0.1
1
10
Current (Multiples of Is)
100
9th March
28
Time Multiplier Setting (TMS)

Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) or Time Dial
Setting (TDS)
Means of adjusting the time taken by the relay
to trip once the current exceeds the set value
T.M.S.
T
Tm
Where,
T
- is the required time of operation
Tm - is the time obtained from the relay characteristics

curve at TMS 1.0 and using the Plug Setting Multiplier
(PSM) equivalent to the maximum fault current
9th March
29
Instantaneous Element Setting

IT
(1.1)( I MAX )( A.F.)

(TXMR RATIO )( C.T.RATIO )
Where,
IT is the Instantaneous Trip (Amperes)
1.1 is the Safety Factor
I
max
is Maximum Fault Current Seen (Amperes)
A.F. is Asymmetric Factor

TXMR Ratio is Transformer Ratio
C.T. Ratio is Current Transformer Ratio
9th March
30
IEEE Inverse Time Characteristics

Reset Time of an Inverse -Time Overcurrent Relay
For 0 M 1
t ( I ) reset
time
tr
TD
2
M 1
(1)
Pickup Time of an Inverse - Time Overcurrent Relay
B
P
M 1
For M 1 t ( I ) trip time TD
(2)
Where,
t(I) is the reset time in equation (1) and the trip time in equation (2)
in seconds
TD is the time dial setting
M is the Iinput/Ipickup ( Ipickup is the relay current set point)
t(r) is the reset time (for M=0)
A, B, p constants to provide selected curve characteristics
9th March
31
IEEE Inverse Time Characteristics
Characteristics
Moderately
Inverse
Very Inverse
Extremely
Inverse
tr
0.0515
0.1140
0.02000
4.85
19.61
0.491
2.0000
21.6
28.2
0.1217
2.0000
29.1
9th March
32

Co-ordination Principles
Relay closest to fault
must operate first
R1
Other relays must have
R2
IF1
adequate additional
operating time to prevent
them operating
Current setting chosen to

allow FLC
Consider worst case
conditions, operating
IS2 IS1
Maximum Fault
Level
modes and current flows

9th March
33

Co-ordination Examples
E
Operating time (s)
10
C
B
0.1
0.01
FLB
FLC
FLD
Current (A)
9th March
34

Current Setting
Set just above full load current
allow 10% tolerance
Allow relay to reset if fault is cleared by

downstream device
consider pickup/drop off ratio (reset ratio)
relay must fully reset with full load current
flowing
PU/DO for static/numerical = 95%
PU/DO for EM relay = 90%
e.g for numerical relay, Is = 1.1 x IFL/0.95

9th March
35

Current Setting
Current grading
Ensure that if upstream relay has started downstream
relay has also started
R1
R2
IF1
Set upstream device current setting greater than

downstream relay
e.g. IsR1 = 1.1 x IsR2
9th March
36

Grading Margin
Operating time difference between two
devices to ensure that downstream device
will clear fault before upstream device trips
Must include
breaker opening time
allowance for errors
relay overshoot time
GRADING
MARGIN
safety margin
9th March
37

Grading Margin Between Relays
R1
R2
Traditional
breaker op time
relay overshoot
allow. For errors
safety margin
Total
0.1
0.05
0.15
0.1
0.4s
9th March
38

Grading Margin Between Relays
Formula
t = (2Er + Ect) t/100 + tcb + to + ts
Er
= relay timing error (%)
Ect = CT measurement error (%)

t
= op time of downstream relay (s)
tcb = CB interrupting time (s)
to
= relay overshoot time (s)
ts
= safety margin (s)
Op time of 0.5s
0.375s margin for EM relay, oil CB
0.24s margin for static relay, vacuum CB
9th March
39

Grading Margin Relay With Fuse
Grading Margin = 0.4Tf + 0.15s over whole characteristic

Assume fuse minimum operating time = 0.01s
Use EI or VI curve to grade with fuse
Current setting of relay should be 3-4 x rating of fuse to
ensure co-ordination
9th March
40

Time Multiplier Setting
Used to adjust the
100
inverse characteristic
Not a time setting but a
multiplier
Calculate TMS to give
Operating Time (s)
operating time of an
10
desired operating time in

accordance with the
grading margin
0.1
1
10
100
Current (Multiples of Is)
9th March
41

Time Multiplier Setting
Calculate required relay operating time, Treq
considering grading margin & fault level
Calculate op time of inverse characteristic with

TMS = 1, T1
TMS = Treq /T1
9th March
42

Co-ordination Procedure
Calculate required operating current
Calculate required grading margin
Calculate required operating time
Select characteristic
Calculate required TMS
Draw characteristic, check grading over whole
curve
Grading curves should be drawn to a common

voltage base to aid comparison
9th March
43
Co-ordination Examples
9th March
44

Co-ordination Example 1
200/5
100/5
I
FMAX
= 1400 Amp
B
Is = 5 Amp
A
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05,
SI
Grade relay B with relay A

Co-ordinate at max fault level seen by both
relays = 1400A
Assume grading margin of 0.4s
9th March
45

200/5
100/5
I FMAX
B
Is = 5 Amp
= 1400 Amp
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI
Relay B is set to 200A primary, 5A secondary

Relay A set to 100A If (1400A) = PSM of 14
relay A OP time = t = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 x 0.05 = 0.13
(I0.02 -1)
(140.02 -1)
Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 =
0.53s
Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve
9th March
46

200/
5
100/
5
I FMAX
= 1400
A
Amp
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05,
SI
B
Is = 5 Amp
Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s
Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve
Relay B set to 200A If (1400A) = PSM of 7

relay B OP time TMS = 1 = 0.14 x TMS =
(I0.02 -1)
= 3.52s
(70.02 -1)
Required TMS = Required Op time = 0.53 = 0.15

Op time TMS=1
0.14
3.52
Set relay B to 200A, TMS = 0.15, SI
9th March
47
Over current
Protection Application
9th March
48

2:1:1 Fault Current
Turns Ratio
3 :1
A phase-phase fault on one

side of transformer
produces 2-1-1 distribution
on other side
Use an over current
element in each phase
(cover the 2x phase)
2 & EF relays can be used
Iline
Idelta
0.866
If3
provided fault current > 4x

setting
9th March
49

2:1:1 Fault Current
Turns Ratio
3 :1
Istar = E-/2Xt = 3 E-n/2Xt

Istar = 0.866 E-n /Xt
Istar = 0.866 If3
Idelta = Istar/3 = If3 /2
Iline
Iline = If3
Idelta
0.866
If3
9th March
50

2:1:1 Fault Current
51
51
HV
LV
Grade HV relay
with respect to
2-1-1 for -
fault
Not only at
max fault level
86.6%If3 If3
9th March
51

Instantaneous Protection
Fast clearance of faults
ensure good operation factor, If >> Is (5 x ?)
Current setting must be co-ordinated to prevent overtripping
Used to provide fast tripping on HV side of transformers
Used on feeders with auto re-close, prevents transient
faults becoming permanent
AR ensures healthy feeders are re-energised
Consider operation due to DC offset - transient overreach
9th March
52

Instantaneous Protection
Set HV inst 130% IfLV
HV2
HV1
LV
Stable for inrush

No operation for LV
TIME
HV1
HV2
fault
Fast operation for HV
LV
fault
Reduces op times
IF(LV)
IF(HV)
CURRENT
1.3IF(LV)
required of upstream
relays
9th March
53

Transient Over-reach
Ability to ignore DC offset
Low overreach allows low Inst setting to be

used
high operation factor
immunity to LV transformer faults
9th March
54

Transient Over-reach
I1
I1 = steady state rms

pickup
Overreach = (I1 - I2)/I2
Typical values
I2
I2 = rms pickup with fully offset

signal
Low overreach allows low
numerical relay = < 5%

simple EM relay = >60%
setting - high operation

factor
High transient overreach

necessitates high settings poor sensitivity, slow
9th March
55

Partial Differential Protection
Zoned busbar
protection using over
current relays
67
67
bus section relay
51
not required reduced grading

stages
Time delayed tripping
51
51
51
for busbar fault
9th March
56

Earth Fault Protection
Earth fault current may be limited
Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be
met by over current relays
Use dedicated EF protection relays
Connect to measure residual (zero sequence)

current
Can be set to values less than full load current
Co-ordinate as for OC elements

May not be possible to provide co-ordination
with fuses
9th March
57

Earth Fault Relay Connection
3 Wire system
E/F
OC
OC
OC
Combined with OC relays
E/F
OC
OC
Economise using 2x OC relays
9th March
58

Earth Fault Relay Connection
4 Wire system
E/F
OC
OC
OC
EF relay setting must be
E/F
OC
OC
OC
Independent of neutral current
greater than normal neutral
but must use 3 OC relays for
current
phase to neutral faults
9th March
59

Earth Fault Relay Current Setting
Solid earth
30% Ifull load
adequate
Resistance earth
setting w.r.t earth fault level
special considerations for
impedance earthing directional?
9th March
60

Sensitive Earth Fault Relays
Settings down to
0.2% possible
A
B
C
Isolated/high
impedance earth networks
E/F
For low settings cannot use residual connection, use

dedicated CT
Advisable to use core balance CT
CT ratio related to earth fault current not line current
Relays tuned to system frequency to reject 3rd
harmonic
9th March
61

CBCT Connections
OPERATION
NO
OPERATION
Need to take care with core
CABLE
BOX
CABLE
GLAND
CABLE
GLAND/SHEATH
balance CT and armoured cables
Sheath acts as earth return path
Must account for earth current

path in connections - insulate
cable gland
EARTH
CONNECTION
E/F
9th March
62

Earth Fault Relay Effective Setting
IF
Effective Setting %In
100
E/F
I
E / F Relay
Setting = Is
Relay Setting
%In
100
Voltage developed across Earth Fault element is applied to B and

C phase CT which will draw appropriate magnetising current
Effective setting (Primary Operating Current)

IEFF = CT ratio(Is + 3Imag)
Minimum sensitivity is not necessarily the minimum setting
9th March
63
Directional Over
Current Protection
9th March
64
Directional Over
Current Protection
IEEE dictionary, C37.100-1992 defines a directional
relay as;
A relay that responds to the relative phase
position of a current with respect to another
current or voltage reference.
Types of directional relays
directional over current
directional ground
directional comparison
9th March
65
Directional Over
Current Protection
Generally required if current can flow in both
directions through a relay location
e.g. Parallel feeder circuits
Ring Main Circuits
0.9
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.9
Relays operate for current flow in direction

indicated. (Typical operating times shown).
9th March
66
Directional Over
Current Protection
With ring closed :
Both load and fault current may flow in either direction along
feeder circuits. Thus, directional relays are required.
Directional relays look into the feeder.
Need to establish principle for relay.
51
67
67
67
Load
51
67
Load
67
67
Load
9th March
67
Parallel Feeder Protection

Non-Directional Relays :-
51 C
51 B
51 D
5
1
Load
A&B
Conventional Grading :Grade A with C
C&D
and Grade B with D
Relays A and B have the same setting.

Fault level at F
9th March
68

Consider fault on one feeder :I1 + I2
I1
51 A
I2
51 B
51
51
LOAD
Relays C and D see the same fault current (I2). As C

and D have similar settings both feeders will be tripped.
9th March
69

Solution :- Directional Control at C and D.
I1 + I2
I1
51 A
I2
51 B
67
LOAD
67
Relay D does not operate due to current flow in the

reverse direction.
9th March
70

Setting philosophy for directional relays
E
51 A
Load
67
51
51 B
67
Load current always flows in non-operate direction.

Any current flow in operate direction is indicative of a fault
condition.
Thus Relays C and D may be set :- Sensitive
- Fast operating time
9th March
71

Usually, relays are set :-
50% full load current (note thermal rating)
Minimum T.M.S.
Grading procedure :1.
Grade A (and B) with E assuming one feeder in

service.
2.
Grade A with D (and B with C) assuming both

feeders in service.
9th March
72
Double-end Fed
Transmission Line
CB1
I1
CB2
I2
R1
CB3
I3
R2
I4
R4
R3
I1
CB4
I3
V
V
I2
I4
9th March
73
Double-end Fed
Transmission Line - Fault
CB1
CB2
A
I1
R1
CB3
CB4
I2
I3
R2
I4
R4
R3
I1
V
I2
I4
I3
V
9th March
74
Double-end Fed
Transmission Line
CB1
CB2
I1
CB3
CB4
I2
R1
I3
R2
R4
R3
I1
I4
I3
V
V
V
I2
I4
9th March
75
Directional Relay
Co-ordination
Directional relays can be provided at all circuit
breakers in conjunction with time delay
elements
Relay 4 opens CB 4 before relay 2 opens CB 2
Similarly, relay 1 opens CB 1 before relay 3
opens CB 3
Phase comparison directional relays 2 and 4
operate whereas relay 3 sends a block
command to CB 2 keeping it from tripping
9th March
76
Electromagnetic Directional Relay
Current flows in the voltage

coil producing a flux v
Current flow in the current
coil produces a flux i
Due to a phase
Laminated
magnetic circuit
Disk rotor
C.T.
torque
displacement between the

two fluxes, a torque is
Laminated
magnetic circuit
produced in the disc
The disc moves to close a

contact if the power flow is
Restraining
spring
Shaft
in the selected direction
9th March
77
Directional Relay Phasor Diagram
The phasor diagram, which uses

the voltage applied to the relay
(V), as reference is as shown in
this figure.
v is the phase angle of the
current in the voltage coil
i is the phase angle of the

current in the current coil
Iv
is the angle by which a line that

is in quadrature to the flux
produced by the voltage coil
leads the reference - MTA

9th March
78
Directional Relay Torque Equation

The torque is given by
T K a v i sin( i v )
The flux produced by the voltage coil is proportional to
the current in the voltage coil
Similarly, the flux produced by the current coil is
proportional to the current in that coil
Making these substitutions and adding the effect of the
restraining spring, the torque equation becomes
T K b I v I i sin( i v ) K 2
9th March
79

The current Iv is proportional to V. Making this
substitution we get
T K1VI sin( i v ) K 2
K1VI cos ( i v ) K 2
2
K1VI cos i ( v ) K 2
2
T K1VI cos( i ) K 2
Defining (v +/2) as , we get
In this equation is the Maximum Torque Angle.
9th March
80
Consider the torque equation
T K1VI cos( i ) K 2
Notice that for specified values

of V and I the torque is
maximum when the current
leads the voltage by an angle
I min
equal to ; the current is in

phase with the MTL.
In other words the torque

equation can be written as
T K1VI cos( ) K 2
Where is the angle between the fault current and maximum torque line
9th March
81
Establishing Direction
Polarising Quantity
The DIRECTION of Alternating Current may only be
determined with respect to a COMMON
REFERENCE.
In relaying terms, the REFERENCE is called the
POLARISING QUANTITY.
The most convenient reference quantity is
POLARISING VOLTAGE taken from the Power
System Voltages.
9th March
82
Directional Decision by Phase

Comparison (1)
S1 = Reference Direction = Polarising Signal = V POL
S2 = Current Signal = I
OPERATION when S2 is within 90 of S1 :S1
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
9th March
83
Directional Decision by Phase

Comparison (2)
RESTRAINT when S2 lags S1 by
S1
between 90 and 270 :-
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
9th March
84
Phase Over Current Relay

Polarising Voltage
OPERATE SIGNAL =
IA
POLARISING SIGNAL :-
Which voltage to use ?

Selectable from
VA
VB
VC
VA-B
VB-C
VC-A
9th March
85
Directional Relay
Applied Voltage :
VA
Applied Current :
IA
Assuming voltage coil angle ~ 90
MTA
A
VA
IA
Operate
IAF
VAF
IVA
Zero Torque
Line
VA
Restrain
Maximum torque obtained when IA in phase with VA.

Question :
- is this connection suitable for a typical power system ?
9th March
86
Polarising Voltage
VA
Applied Voltage
VBC
Applied Current
IA
IA
IAF
MTA
VBC
IVBC
Polarising voltage remains healthy
Fault current in centre of

characteristic
VBC
ZERO TORQUE
LINE
9th March
87
Relay Connection Angle

The angle between the current applied to the relay and the
voltage applied to the relay at system unity power factor
e.g. 90 (Quadrature) Connection :
IA and VBC
IA
VA
90
VBC
VC
VB
9th March
88
Maximum Torque Angle (M.T.A.)

for Electromechanical Relays
The angle by which the current applied to the relay must be
displaced from the voltage applied to the relay to produce
maximum torque
e.g. 45
MAX TORQUE
LINE
OPERATE
RESTRAIN
IA FOR MAX TORQUE
VA
45
MTA
VBC
ZERO TORQUE
LINE
9th March
89
Relay Characteristic Angle

(R.C.A.) for Numeric Relays
The angle by which the current applied to the relay must
be displaced from the voltage applied to the relay to
produce maximum operational sensitivity
e.g. 45
OPERATE
RESTRAIN
45
IA FOR MAXIMUM OPERATE

SENSITIVITY
VA
RCA
VBC
9th March
90
Various Relay Connections

Zero degree connection consists of using the
current of phase A and the voltage of phase A
Other possibilities are to use the combinations of
different voltages for polarizing each current
Current
IA
Voltages
IC
V A -V
V B -V
V C -V
V B -V
V C -V
V A -V
{V
+{V
IB
-V
-V
{V
+{V
-V
-V
{V
+{V
-V
-V
9th March
91
30 Connection
Let us consider the first set of voltages and
currents
V
Current
IA
Voltages
V A -V
V B -V
{V
+{V
B -V
A
-V
IB
V B -V
V C -V
C}
C
{V
+{V
C -V
B
-V
V A -V
IC
V C -V
V C -V
V A -V
A }
A
{V
+{V
A -V
C
-V
IC
IA
IB
V B -V
B}
B
9th March
92
30 Connection
With =30, we can achieve the maximum
torque for unity power factor
Im
IA
Restraint
MTL
Operate
Relay does
not operate
Relay
operates
V A -V
Re
Z
9th March
93
90 Connection
Let us consider the second set of voltages and
currents
V
Current
IA
V A -V
Voltages
V B -V
{V
+{V
-V
B
A
-V
IB
V B -V
V C -V
}
C
C
{V
+{V
-V
C
B
-V
V C -V
IC
V C -V
V A -V
}
A
A
{V
+{V
-V
A
C
-V
V B -V
IC
IA
IB
V A -V
}
B
B
9th March
94
90 Connection
With =30, we can achieve the maximum torque for fault
currents angles of =-60
Im
IA
Restrain
V B -V
Re
9th March
95
60 Connection
Let us consider the third set of voltages and
currents
V A -V
V
Current
IA
Voltages
V A -V
V B -V
{V
+{V
-V
-V
A
IB
V B -V
}
C
{V
+{V
V B -V
IC
V C -V
V A -V
-V
-V
B
}
A
{V
+{V
V C -V
-V
-V
C
IA
IB
V C -V
}
B
IC
V C -V
V B -V
V A -V
9th March
96
60 Connection
With =30, we can achieve the maximum torque for fault
currents angles of =-30
Im
Restrain
IA
Relay does
not operate
Operate
Relay
operates
MTL
{V
{V
A -V C } +
B-V C}
Re
9th March
97
Over Current Relays

Selection of R.C.A.
90 connection 30 RCA (lead)
Plain feeder, zero sequence source behind relay
9th March
98
Over Current Relays

Selection of R.C.A.
90 connection 45 RCA (lead)
Plain or Transformer Feeder :- Zero Sequence Source in Front of
Relay
Transformer Feeder :- Delta/Star Transformer in Front of

Relay
9th March
99
Directional Relay
C.T. Connections
Clearly, correct polarity of current coil and voltage coil is essential to
ensure correct application.
- Refer to manufacturers diagrams.
Philosophy of 2 x over current / 1 x earth fault may be retained if 90
connection is used for over current elements.
i.e :
VAB
67N
67
67
VBC
9th March
100
Directional Relay
C.T. Connections
Must use 3 x over current elements if 30 connection is
used.
i.e :
67N
67
67
VCB
VAC
67
VBA
9th March
101
Directional Earth Fault

Requirements are similar to directional over current
i.e. need operating signal
and polarising signal
Operating Signal
obtained from residual connection of line CT's
i.e. Iop = 3Io
Polarising Signal
The use of either phase-neutral or phase-phase voltage as the
reference becomes inappropriate for the comparison with residual
current.
Most appropriate polarising signal is the residual voltage.
9th March
102
Residual Voltage
May be obtained from broken delta V.T. secondary.
A
B
C
VA-G
VB-G
VC-G
VRES = VA-G + VB-G + VC-G = 3V0
Notes :
VRES
1.
VT primary must be earthed.
2.
VT must be of the '5 limb' construction (or 3 x single phase units)
9th March
103
Residual Voltage
E
ZS
Solidly Earthed
ZL
System
A-G
VA
VA
VB VC
VC
VA
VB
VC
VB VC
VRES
VA
VC
VB
VB
VRES
VB
VC
Residual Voltage at R (relaying point) is dependant upon Z S / ZL

ratio.
9th March
104
Residual Voltage
Resistance Earthed
System
ZS
ZL
ZE
A-G
G
VA-G
G.F
VC-G
VB-G VC-G
VRE
VS A-G
VC-G
S
R G.F
S V
A-G
R G.F
VB-G
VRES
VA-G
VC-G
VB-G VC-G
VB-G
VB-G
VRE
S
VB-G
VC-G
9th March
105
Directional Earth Fault Relays

Relay Characteristic Angle
0 - Resistance earthed systems
45 (I lags V) - Distribution systems (solidly earthed)
60 (I lags V) - Transmission systems (solidly earthed)
Zero sequence network :ZS0
3R
I0
ZL0
V0
V0 = ( - ) I0 (ZS0 + 3R)
9th March
106
Current Polarising
A solidly earthed, high fault level (low source impedance) system
may result in a small value of residual voltage at the relaying point.
If residual voltage is too low to provide a reliable polarising signal
then a current polarising signal may be used as an alternative.
The current polarising signal may be derived from a CT located in a
suitable system neutral to earth connection.
e.g.
OP
PO
L
DEF Relay
9th March
107
Negative Sequence
Directional Relay
Only one relays is enough
for detecting all phase-tophase and phase-to-phaseto-ground faults
Negative sequence relay
I 2 Filter
does not react to load

currents and power swings
V 2 Filter
Instead for switching

voltages and currents,
sequence filters are used
Relay
9th March
108
Negative Sequence
Directional Relay
V2 I 2 ( s ) Z 2 ( s )
Negative sequence
currents lead the negative

I2
sequence voltages by 95
- 120 for forward faults.

A relay that has a
Negative Sequence Network
maximum torque angle of
I2
about 70 is usually used.

I 2 (s)Z
(s)
-I
(s)Z
(s) =V
9th March
109
Example 2
Calculate the torque developed by the three phase directional
elements of the following relay for the fault condition given
Relay
Connection
: 90
MTA
: 30
K1
: 1.0
Fault Information
VA : 12.50 ; VB : 63.5-120 ; VC : 63.5120
IA : 98-68 ; IB : 10-125 ; IC : 12118
9th March
110
Example 2
Vca
Vab
Vc
Ic
Va
Ib
Vb
Vbc
Ia
9th March
111
Example 2
VBC : 109.98-90 ; VCA : 70.59128.82 ;
VAB : 70.5951.18
IA : 98-68 ; IB : 10-125 ; IC : 12118
TA = K1*VBC*IA*Cos()
Where is the angle between the A Phase element maximum torque
line and A phase current
We are given that the MTA is 30, that is the maximum torque line
leads the polarizing voltage by 30
TA = 1.0 * 109.98 * 98 * Cos(-90+30-(-68))

= 10673 N-m
9th March
112
Example 2
Similarly,
TB = K1*VCA*IB*Cos()
Where is the angle between the B phase element maximum
torque line and B phase current
TB = 1.0 * 70.59 * 10 * Cos(128.82+30-(-125))

= 168.62 N-m
9th March
113
Example 2
And,
TC = K1*VAB*IC*Cos()
Where is the angle between the C phase element maximum torque
line and C phase current
TC = 1.0 * 70.59 * 12 * Cos(51.18+30-(118))

= 678.10 N-m
9th March
114
Example 3
138 / 13.8kV
15 MVA
1
Zt = 0.08 p.u.
0.7
Short Circuit Level
Max 250 MVA
Min 200 MVA
1.0
2.0
1.0
50 A
138 / 13.8kV
15 MVA
Zt = 0.08 p.u.
150 A
200 A
100 A
Line Parameters
Bus
Impedance
From
To
Ohms
0.70
1.00
2.00
1.00
9th March
115
Example 3
Select Base Capacity = 25 MVA
Select Base Voltage on Bus 1 = 13.8 kV
Base Current,
Ib
25 1000
1046 A
3 13.8
Base Impedance,
Zb
( Base Voltage in kV )2
Base Capacity in MVA
Line Parameters
Bus
Impedance
From
To
p.u.
0.0919
0.1313
0.2625
0.1313
(13.8)2
25
7.618
9th March
116
Example 3
Maximum short circuit current - Fault on Source Bus
Source Impedance
1
0.1 p.u
10
Minimum short circuit current - Fault on Source Bus

Source Impedance
250
10.0 p.u.
25
200
8.0 p.u.
25
1
0.125 p.u.
8
Transformer Impedance on 15 MVA and 13.8 kV base = 0.08

Transformer Impedance on 25 MVA and 13.8 kV base
25 (13.8)2
Zt 0.08
0.1333 p.u.
2
15 (13.8)
9th March
117
Example 3
Selection
Relay
Location Bus
Of
CT
Maximum
Load
Current (A)
Ratios
CT
and
Ratio
Selected
Current
Relay
Settings
Current
Percent
Setting
Primary
Current (A)
500
800/5
75
600
350
500/5
100
500
150
200/5
100
200
50
100/5
75
75
50
100/5
75
75
9th March
118
Example 3
Fault
Current
Calculations
Total Impedance to Fault p.u.
Fault Current (A)
Location of Fault
Maximum
Minimum
Minimum
Maximum
Bus
(One
(Two
(One
(Two
Transformer in
transformers in
Transformer in
Transformers in
Circuit)
circuit)
circuit)
circuit)
0.2583
0.1667
4049
6274
0.3502
0.2586
2986
4045
0.4815
0.3899
2172
2683
0.7440
0.6524
1406
1603
0.8753
0.7837
1195
1335
9th March
119
Example 3
Choosing relay 5 parameters
Coordination parameters Fault at Bus 5
Relay
Bus
at
Current in Multiples
of Relay Setting
17.800
TMS
Relay Operating
Time
0.21
9th March
120
Example 3
0.21s
1335A
9th March
121
Example 3
Relay
Bus
at
of Relay Setting
TMS
Relay Operating
Time
17.800
0.21
17.800
0.63
9th March
122
Example 3
0.63s
0.21s
1335A
9th March
123
Example 3
Checking relay 4 parameters
Current
of Relay Setting
TMS
Relay Operating
Time
1603
21.373
0.55
1406
18.75
0.6
9th March
124
Example 3
0.55s
1603A
9th March
125
Example 3
Relay
Bus
at
of Relay Setting
TMS
Relay Operating
Time
(1603/75) 21.373
0.55
(1603/200)8.015
1.7
0.93
9th March
126
Example 3
0.93s
0.55s
1603A
9th March
127
Example 3
Current
of Relay Setting
TMS
Relay Operating
Time
2683
13.415
1.7
0.48
2172
10.86
1.7
0.62
9th March
128
Example 3
Relay
Bus
at
of Relay Setting
TMS
Relay Operating
Time
(2683/200) 13.415
1.7
0.48
(2683/500)5.366
0.75
0.85
9th March
129
Example 3
0.85s
0.48s
2683A
9th March
130
Example 3
Current
of Relay Setting
TMS
Relay Operating
Time
4045
8.09
0.75
0.42
2986
5.97
0.75
0.69
9th March
131
Example 3
Relay
Bus
at
of Relay Setting
TMS
Relay Operating
Time
(4045/500) 8.09
0.75
0.42
(4045/600)6.74
1.1
0.82
9th March
132
Example 3
0.82s
0.42s
4045A
9th March
133
Example 3
Current
of Relay Setting
TMS
Relay Operating
Time
6274
10.46
1.1
0.41
4049
6.75
1.1
0.82
9th March
134
Example 3
9th March
135
Thank you
9th March
136

02 03 Overcurrent Protection

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02 03 Overcurrent Protection

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Protection Engineering

And Research Laboratories

Training on Power System Element Protection,

Dr. G. Pradeep Kumar

Over Current Protection

Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to

2007 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Over Current Protection

Limit fault energy

IFA approx 2 x IFB

Limited sensitivity to earth faults

Over Current Protection

Over Current Protection

2007 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Over Current Protection

Used for fail-safe tripping of motor feeders

Over Current Protection

Common for electromechanical O/C relays

Over Current Protection

Used with static relays where no secure DC

Over Current Protection

Requires secure DC auxiliary

2007 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Over Current Protection

Over Current Protection

Current settings chosen so that only the relay

Over Current Protection

Operating time is independent of fault current

Over Current Protection

(Relay Current Setting)

Over Current Protection

Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic

Over Current Protection

Disc rotates due to action of two fluxes

Over Current Protection

2007 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Over Current Protection

Multiple characteristics and stages

Over Current Protection

Over Current Protection

Minimize the equipment damage and process outage costs,

Over Current Protection

2007 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Over Current Protection

2007 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

IEC IDMT Characteristics

Operating Time (s)

2007 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Time Multiplier Setting (TMS)

- is the required time of operation

Tm - is the time obtained from the relay characteristics

Instantaneous Element Setting

(1.1)( I MAX )( A.F.)

is Maximum Fault Current Seen (Amperes)

A.F. is Asymmetric Factor

IEEE Inverse Time Characteristics

Pickup Time of an Inverse - Time Overcurrent Relay

For M 1 t ( I ) trip time TD

IEEE Inverse Time Characteristics

2007 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Over Current Protection

Other relays must have

Current setting chosen to

2007 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories