:PRESENTATION

Mastication

&

Swallowing

:GROUP MEMBER
Fatima
Siddiqui
(group leader)

SHAFAQ
JAMALI

DAMIA
NAIREEN

TAHIRA
ROY

INGESTION OF THE
FOOD:

The amount of food that a person

ingests is determined principally
by intrinsic desire of food called as
hunger. The type of the food that a
person preferentially seeks is
determined by appetite.

MASTICATION:

Mastication or chewing is the

process by which food is crushed
and ground by teeth. It is the first
step of digestion and it increases
the surface area of foods to allow
more efficient break down by
enzymes.. During the mastication
process, the food is positioned
between the teeth for grinding by
the cheek and tongue

As chewing continues, the food is

made softer and warmer, and the
enzymes in saliva begin to break
down carbohydrates in the food.
After chewing, the food (now
called a bolus) is swallowed. It
enters the esophagus and via
peristalsis continues on to the
stomach, where the next step of
digestion occurs.

:- The chewing cycle

Mastication is a repetitive
sequence of jaw opening and
closing with a profile in the
vertical plane called the chewing
cycle. Mastication consists of a
number of chewing cycles. The
human chewing cycle consists of
three phases:

Opening phase: the mouth is opened

and the mandible is depressed

Closing phase: the mandible is

raised towards the maxilla.

Occlusal or intercuspal phase: the

mandible is stationary and the teeth

from both upper and lower arches
approximate

Role of teeth in
:mastication

The teeth are admirably designed

for chewing. The anterior
teeth(incisors) provide a strong
cutting action and the posterior
teeth(molars) have a grinding
action. All the jaw muscles working
together can close the teeth with a
force as great as 55 pounds on the
incisors and 200 pounds on the
molars.

Most of the muscles of chewing are

innervated by the motor branch of fifth
cranial nerve, and the chewing process
is controlled by the nuclei in the brain
stem. Also stimulation of areas in the
hypothalmus,amygdala, and even the
cerebral cortex near the sensory areas
for taste and smell can often cause
chewing.

FORCE APPLIED BY
:-DIFFERENT TEETHS

MOLARS :400-890

PREMOLARS:222-445

CANINES:133-334N

INCISOR:89-111N

:Salivary Glands

During the mastication process,

food is moistened and mixed with
saliva. The principal glands of
salivation are the parotid, sublingual and sub mandibular gland.
In addition to that there are many
tiny buccal glands.

DESCRIPTION

DUCT

LOCATION

GLANDS

Smallest salivary
gland. Secrete thick
mucus.

Multiple separate
ducts

On each side
underneath tongue.
in the floor of
tongue.

Sub lingual

Mixed type

Opens under the

tongue, Walnut
sized. Secretes
watery fluid close to
the frenulum

Posterior portion of
mandible, lingual to
mandibular incisors

Sub Mandibular

Largest of salivary
gland..purely serous

Parotid duct go
through the
buccinators muscles
and enter the mouth
opposite maxillary
second molars

Inside cheek,
opposite maxillary
second molar

Parotid

Properties and
:composition of Saliva

Saliva contains two major types of

protein secretion:

A serous secretion that contains

ptyalin(an alpha amylase) which is
an enzyme for digesting starches

Mucus secretion that contains

mucin for lubricating and for
surface protective purposes.

Volume:- 1000 to 1500 ml of saliva is

secreted per day and it is about 1 ml
per minute.

pH:- Mixed saliva from all glands is

slightly acidic with ph of 6.35 6.85

FUNCTIONS:

Preparation of food for swallowing.

Appreciation of taste.
Digestive Function.
Cleansing and protective function.
Role in speech.
Excretory function.
Regulation of body temperature.
Regulation of water balance.

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION:

The masseter

The temporalis

The medial pterygoid

The lateral pterygoid

Swallowing:

Deglutition is also known as

Swallowing, it is the process by
which the food taken passing through
the oral cavity into the Gastrointestinal
tract.

:STAGES OF SWALLOWING

Deglutition is divided into 3 stages:

Oral stage
Pharyngeal stage
Esophageal stage.

The stages are divided into Voluntary

and Involuntary stages:-

Voluntary:

Oral stage

Involuntary:
Pharyngeal stage
Esophageal stage

ORAL STAGE

This stage is after mastication of the food is

completed, the masticated food is known as
Bolus, this bolus is placed on the posterior
surface of the tongue by suitable
movements of the tongue, Then the soft
palate raises and seals of the nasopharynx,
to prevent the food from entering into the
nasal cavity, now the respirtion reflex is
stopped, then the anterior part of the
tongue is raised which causes the bolus in
the posterior part of the tongue to move
into the pharyngeal part

PHARYNGEAL STAGE
Events which take place in this stage
are:

Immediately after the oral stage the

tongue movement causes the bolus to
be pushed against the epiglottis, which
closes the respiratory tract, this
laryngeal opening is closed by the
closure of vocal cords. The upper
esophageal sphincter relaxes and the
bolus enters the esophagus by the
pharyngeal peristalsis.

: Oesophageal stage

This stage works mainly in the opening

and closing of the sphincters, now at the
end of the second stage the bolus enters
into the esophagus as the upper sphincter
opens, after the bolus enters the
sphincter closes and now a wave of
peristalsis is seen initiated in the region
of the upper sphincter propelling the
bolus downwards which is know as
arboreal direction and this movement is
further helped by gravitational force. Now
when the bolus has reached the lower end
of the esophagus the LES relaxes and
then the food enters into the stomach.

:Clinical

Xerostomia:

It means dry mouth. It is due to hypo salivation or

absence of salivary secretion. The cause of this
disease may be:

Dehydration or renal failure

Radiotherapy
Trauma to salivary gland
Shock

It causes difficulties in mastication,

swallowing and speech. it cause
halitosis

:Mumps

It is the acute viral infection affecting

the parotid gland. The virus causing
this disease is PARAMYXOVIRUS. It is
common in those children who are not
immunized. Features of mumps are
puffiness of cheeks,fever,sore throat
and weakness.

Sjogrens syndrome
It is an autoimmune disorder in which
the immune cells destroy the exocrine
glands such as lacrimal glands and
salivary glands. Common symptoms of
these are dryness of mouth and eyes,
persistent cough. In severe condition
the organs like
kidney,pancreas,thyroid,blood vessels
and brain may be affected.

:DYSPHAGIA

Dysphagia means difficulty in

swallowing. The causes of dysphagia
are:

Mechanical obstruction of esophagus

due to tumor.
Decreased movement of esophagus
due to neurological disorder such as
parkinsonism.

Muscular disorders leading to difficulty

in swallowing during oral or esophageal
stage.

ESOPHAGEAL ACHALASIA

It is a neuromuscular disease
characterized by accumulation of food
substances in esophagus. It is due to the
failure of lower esophageal (cardiac)
sphincter to relax during swallowing. The
accumulated substances cause the
dilation of esophagus. the features of
disease are:

Chest pain
Weight loss
cough
Dysphagia

GERD

GERD is a disorder characterized by

regurgitation of acidic gastric content
through esophagus. The regurgitated
gastric content flows into pharynx or
mouth. It may be due to the weakness
or incompetence (failure to constrict)
of lower esophageal sphincter. The
features of this disease are:-

Heart burn or pyrosis

Esophagitis
Cough and change of voice
Dysphagia
Esophageal ulcer or cancer( in chronic
disease)