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MATERIAL EQUIVALENCE
A. STATEMENT FORMS AND STATEMENTS
B. TAUTOLOGOUS, CONTRADICTORY AND CONTINGENT
STATEMENT FORMS
C. MATERIAL EQUIVALENCE
D. ARGUMENTS, CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS, AND
TAUTOLOGIES
STATEMENT FORM- an
array of symbols exhibiting
the logical structure of a
statement; it contains
statement variables but no
statements.
SUBSTITUTION INSTANCE OF A
STATEMENT FORM- any statement
that results from the consistent
substitution of statements for
statement variables in a statement
form.
SPECIFIC FORM OF STATEMENT- the
statement form from which the given
statement results when a different
simple statement is substituted.
B. TAUTOLOGOUS, CONTRADICTORY,
AND CONTINGENT STATEMENT FORMS
TAUTOLOGOUS STATEMENT
FORM- a statement form that has
only true substitution instances; a
tautology.
~p
pv
~p
T
F
T
T
T
T
SELF- CONTRADICTORY
STATEMENT FORM
-- a statement form that has only false
substitution instances; a contradiction.
p
T
~p
F
p . ~p
F
CONTINGENT STATEMENT
FORM--- a statement form that has
both true and false substitution
instances.
~q
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
F
T
T
T
C. MATERIAL EQUIVALENCE
It is a truth functional relation
asserting that two statement
connected by the three- bar sign (
) have the same truth value.
TRUTH
FUNCTION
AL
CONNECTI
VE
SYMBOL
(NAME OF
SYMBOL)
PROPOSITI
ON TYPE
NAMES OF
COMPONE
NTS OF
PROPOSITI
ONS
EXAMPLE
AND
.
(dot)
conjunction
conjuncts
Cass is
pretty and
Bianca sings
the blues.
C.B
OR
v
(wedge)
disjunction
disjuncts
Cass is
pretty or
Bianca sings
the blues.
CvB
conditional
antecedent,
consequent
IF. . . THEN
(horseshoe)
IF AND ONLY
IF
biconditiona
l
If Bianca
sings the
blues then
Lara gets
moody. B
L
D. ARGUMENTS, CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS, AND TAUTOLOGIES
An argument form is valid if, and
only if, its expression in the form of a
conditional statement (of which the
antecedent is the conjunction of the
premises of the given argument
form, and the consequent is the
conclusion of the given argument
form) is a tautology.