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INHERITANCE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Distinguish among sex limited, sex influenced, and sex linked
traits.
Explain the chromosomal basis for genetic linkage and
demonstrate how the chromosomal locations of linked genes can
be mapped.
Identify the specific patterns of inheritance that are
characteristic of sex-linked traits.
Know some human diseases or disorders caused by
chromosomal alteration.
TOPICS
CHROMOSOMES
Thomas H. Morgan
Defined the relationships between
chromosomes and heredity.
Morgan's first papers dealt with
the demonstration of sex linkage
of the gene for white eyes in the
fly, the male fly being
heterogametic.
Chromosome Mapping
Lists the sequences of genetic loci along a particular
chromosome .
Mapping is the construction of a series of
chromosome descriptions that depict the position and
spacing of unique, identifiable biochemical
landmarks, including some genes, that occur on the
DNA of chromosomes.
Human Chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes X and Y
chromosomes
Autosomes 22 pairs of
chromosomes except the sex
chromosomes.
Normal Karyotypes
Sex-Limited Inheritance
Inheritance in which a trait or phenotype is expressed in one sex
only
Example:
A man may inherit his beard type from his mother rather
than from his father. Both sexes transmit the genes although
only one sex normally expresses the trait.
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Sex-Influenced Inheritance
Inheritance that is autosomal but has a different intensity of
expression in the two sexes
Example:
In humans, baldness occurs in males with a single copy or
the allele. A woman will lose her hair only if she is
homozygous for the alleles.
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Sex-Linked Inheritance
Inheritance that may result from a mutant gene located on
either the X- or Y-chromosome.
Example:
Color Blindness mild disorder
Hemophilia Any of several hereditary bloodcoagulation disorders, manifested almost exclusively in
males, in which the blood fails to clot normally because
of a deficiency oran abnormality of one of the clotting
factors.
ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO
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Chromosomes Mutations
Major changes in the chromosomes of a cell may
occur as a result of errors during meiosis, mitosis or
because of Mutagens.
Chromosomes Mutations changes in genetic
material that involve entire chromosomes or pieces of
them.
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Chromosomes Mutations
Changes in chromosome structure (chromosomal mutations)
are of great importance.
Chromosomal mutations are used as tools in genetic
experiments.
In addition, many human diseases including many types of
cancer are caused by chromosomal rearrangements.
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CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME
NUMBER
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Nondisjunction
An accident of meiosis or mitosis in which both
members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or
both sister chromatids fail to separate properly .
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NONDISJUNCTION
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Aneuploidy
A chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are
present in extra copies or deficient in number
a. trisomy- cell has an extra chromosome (2N + 1)
b. monosomy- cell is missing a chromosome (2N-1)
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Polyploidy
When an organism has more than two complete chromosome sets
a. Triploids three complete sets
b. Tetraploids four sets
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CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME
STRUCTURE
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Mechanisms of Change
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Mechanisms of Change
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CHROMOSOMAL
ALTERTAIONS IN HUMAN
DISEASE/DISORDERS
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DOWN Syndrome
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Patau Syndrome
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Edward Syndrome
trisomy of chromosome 18
affects almost every organ
system in the body
one in 10000
most victims survive in less
than a year
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Klinefelter Syndrome
an extra X chromosome in a
male (XXY)
one in every 2000 births
have abnormally small testes
and is sterile
can lead to breast
enlargement and other
feminine body contours.
the affected individual is
usually of normal
intelligence.
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Turner Syndrome
monosomy- female is XO
is the only known viable human
monosomy
individuals with this syndrome
are phenotypically female but
their sex organs do not mature at
adolescence, and secondary
sexual characteristics fail to
develop.
they are sterile and short but
usually have no mental
deficiency.
Source:
http://www.turner-syndrome-us.org/resource/faq.html
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Metafemales
females with three X
chromosomes
they have limited fertility and
may be mentally retarded.
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