OUR SPANISH HERITAGE

Define a True Filipino

How Spanish Colonization shaped the Filipinos?
How did the Spaniards change Filipino women?
What are some of the things you see today that
were legacies of the Spaniards?
For you, what is the greatest legacy of Spain to
the Philippines?

SPANISH HERITAGE
Spain ruled the Philippines for three centuries
(1565-1898)

Spains cultural legacy was more beneficial and

comprehensive than her political and economic
endowments.

CHRISTIANITY
Spains greatest legacy
The Roman Catholic religion
- originated in Asia, being founded by Jesus
Christ in Palestine; spread to Western Europe
after Christs crucifixion, in the 16th and 17th
centuries, propagated across the Atlantic to the
New World and across the Pacific to the
Philippines, making her then the greatest
power.
--- the most outstanding achievement of Spanish
missionaries who came with the Spanish
conquistadores.

DIET AND DRESS

DIET
Spain introduced new food plants (wheat, corn,
patatas, cacao, coffee, cabbages, chicos, papayas,
guavas).
The Filipinos learned to :
Eat Bread, ham, longanizas,beef(cattles meat),
mutton(sheeps meat) and European canned
goods
drink coffee, cacao & foreign wines
Use drinking glasses, table knives & napkins
while eating

DRESS
For MEN:
Western coat [called americana for it was
introduced from America (Mexico)], & trousers
replaced jacket & bahag
Began to wear hats instead of putong
Used slippers and shoes for footwear
For WOMEN:
-replaced the sarong & used the saya (skirt) as
lower apparel; used the camisa with long & wide
sleeves in place of the old short-sleeved jacket

Wore jewelry (gold earrings, rings, pendants,

necklaces, bracelets) but not armlets and leglets
Used slippers, stockings, hair combs, mantillas &
panuelos like Spanish women

By the middle of 17th century, the dress of Filipinos

had become almost Spanish, according to
Father Colin.

FAMILY LIFE
Simple & wholesome because of Christianitys
influence
The father was the master of the family yet he
consults his wife regarding family matters
The mother was the first TUTOR of the children
(taught them the alphabet & Christian
prayers), and the custodian of the family fund &
keys
Parents & children prayed the Angelus &
rosary every night, prayed before each meal,
and went to Church every Sunday, town
fiestas & religious holidays

Broken homes were rare

Children kiss their parents hands after evening
prayers, upon leaving their home & upon
returning home

FILIPINO WOMEN
Position of Filipino WOMEN were elevated
Respected by men
If unmarried, they were chaperoned in attending
social gatherings
Had NO freedom to study in universities, engage
in professions (law, medicine, engineering,etc.)
and to mix freely with men
Permitted to engage in business
Entered exclusive schools for girls operated by
nuns were they were trained on the HOW Tos
of being a good wife or mother

Those who had no intention of marrying entered

the nunnery in service of GOD
Maria Clara of Rizals novels represented the
Filipino womanhood of the Spanish era with
traits of charm, modesty and religious devotion

INTRODUCTION OF THE
GREGORIAN CALENDAR
Until 1845, the Phil. Calendar was 1 day behind
that of European time
Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria corrected the
Philippine Calendar.
Aug. 16,1844 - He issued an order proclaiming
Tuesday, Dec.31,1844, to be Wednesday,
Jan.1,1844, advancing the calendar by one
day so that it would be in accord with world
standard time.

SPANISH SURNAMES FOR FILIPINOS

First names of Filipinos were from the saints

ex. Juan from San Juan
Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria issued an order on
Nov. 21, 1849 which gave Spanish surnames to
the Filipino families. He sent lists of Spanish
family names to the authorities of provinces &
towns (ex. Gomez, Reyes, Santos).
Many Filipino families became loyal to their
Malayan descendants surnames (ex.
Batungbakal, Magbanua, Sumulong,
Tonogbanua, Kalaw, Makapagal)

LATIN ALPHABET & SPANISH

LANGUAGE
Filipinos easily adopted Latin alphabet &
Spanish language
Enriched our national language called
PILIPINO there are 5,000 Spanish loan-words
in our national language
Filipinos became the sole Spanish-speaking
nation in Asia.

PRESERVATION OF PHILIPPINE
LANGUAGES
Spanish friars studied & used our native
language in spreading Christianity instead of the
Spanish language
Spanish missionaries were the first to write
grammars & dictionaries for Filipino languages

1610 1st tagalog grammar was published,

entitled Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala,
written by Fr. Francisco Blancas de San Jose, a
Spanish Dominican missionary, who was known
as the Demosthenes of the Tagalog Language,
because of his mastery in Tagalog

PRINTING

1593- the Dominicans in Manila established the

1st Filipino press (47 years before the appearance
of the 1st printing press in U.S)
Printed books by means of old xylographic
method (printing using engraved wood blocks).
It still exists at the University of Santo Tomas
Press & is one of the oldest printing
establishments in the world.

EARLY FILIPINO PRINTERS

Tomas Pinpin 1st Filipino printer, Prince of
Filipino Printers.
-- 1st Tagalog author, wrote the first tagalog book
published entitled, Librong pag-aaralan nang
manga Tagalog nang uicang Castila (Book
that the Tagalogs Should Study to Learn
Spanish), w/c was printed in Bataan in 1610.
--- had a worthy son, Simon, who was also a good
printer.

Other pioneer Filipino Printers : Diego Talaghay,

Nicolas de la Cruz bagay, Laureano Atlas,
Domingo Loag & Cipriano Bagay.

1ST BOOKS PRINTED IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Doctrina Christiana en lengua espaola y

tagala, (Manila, 1593)
Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China
(by Keng Yong (Chinese), in the Parian, Manila
Tratado de la Doctrina de la Santa Iglesia y
de Ciencias naturales (by Fr. Juan de Cobo,
O.P., Manila, 1593)

EDUCATION
Spain introduced the European system of
education in the Philippines
First schools established were parochial schools,
with Spanish missionaries as teachers. Filipino
children were taught the Catholic doctrine, the 3
Rs (reading, writing, arithmetic), music, arts and
trades

THE JESUITS:
Founded the 1st college for boys(1589).
-- originally called College of Manila, the name was
changed to Colegio de San Ignacio.
Founded College of San Ildefonso in Cebu(1595)
Founded College of San Jose in Manila
--took charge of Escuela Pia, public school for boys
in Manila & transformed it into Ateneo de
Manila

THE DOMINICANS:

College of Our Lady of the Rosary(1611),

whose name later changed to College of Santo
Tomas and still later, University of Santo
Tomas

College of San Juan de Letran (1630)

-- oldest existing college for boys in the Philippines

UNIVERSITIES
University education in the Philippines is much
older than the U.S
1st university: University of San Ignacio
oldest university in the Philippines ; founded in
1589 as a college but was elevated to university
rank by Pope Gregory XV in 1621. It was closed
in 1768 when Jesuits were expelled in the
Philippines.

The College of San Ildefonso also closed but was

reopened in 1783 as Colegio-Seminario de San
Carlos (became University of San Carlos in 1948)

2nd university: University of Santo Tomas

-- originally founded as a college in 1611 by
Miguel de Buenavides, a Domincan prelate
who is also the third Archbishop of Manila
-- raised to university rank in 1645 by Pope
Innocent X upon request of King Philip IV of
Spain, making it the only Royal & Pontifical
University in all Asia.

UST is 25 years older than Harvard University,

the oldest university in the U.S

3rd University: University of San Felipe

-- a government sponsored university, established
in Manila by a royal decree of King Philip V of
Spain.
-- never gained popularity & was closed in 1726
ALL universities during the Spanish times
were exclusively for MEN.

2 KINDS OF SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS

1. colegio, a regular school for girls
2. beaterio, a combined school nunnery
Schools for girls in Manila:
1. College of Santa Potenciana (1594)
2. College of Santa Isabel (1632)
3. Beaterio de la Compania de Jesus (1694)
4. Beaterio de Santa Catalina (1696)
5. Beaterio de San Sebastian (1719)
6. College of Santa Rosa (1750)
7. College of La Concordia (1869)
8. Assumption Convent School (1892)

College of Santa Isabel

-- later absorbed the College of Santa Potenciana ;
oldest existing college for girls in the Philippines

Beaterio de la Compania de Jesus

-- founded by a Filipino nun, Sor Ignacia de
Espiritu Santo
-- the only college exclusively for FILIPINO
GIRLS
-- is now St. Marys College in Quezon City

The 1st public school system was established by

Spain in accordance w/ the Educational Decree of
1863, which provided the foundations of separate
public elementary schools for boys and girls.

There was no co-education in the Philippines

during the Spanish regime

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
19th century various vocational & technical
schools were established by the Spanish govt.
Among them were:
Nautical Academy (1820)
School of Commerce (1840)
Academy of Fine Arts (1849)
School of Agriculture (1889)
School of Arts and Trades (1890)

-- all of these schools were in Manila

March 16, 1861 two Filipinos, Fr. Juan P. Zita

and Felino Gil founded a private school of arts
& trades in Bacolor, Pampanga. It is now the
Pampanga School of Arts & Trades, a public
school

EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS UNDER

SPAIN

Schools established by Spain contributed the

Filipinos intellectual growth
In 1843, the percentage of literacy in the country was
relatively high.
In 1867, there were 593 elementary schools with
133,990 children enrolled.
In 1898, at the end of the Spanish rule, the schools
numbered to 2,150, with a total enrolment of 200,000.
The schools founded in the Philippines were
highly defective yet they were better than
school in other Spanish colonies

JOURNALISM

Del Superior Govierno (Of The Supreme

Government)
1st newspaper in the Philippines with Gov.
Gen. Manuel Gonzales de Aguilar as editor.
-- appeared for the first time in Manila in on
August 8, 1811.
-- last issue came out on July 4, 1813

Other Newspapers:
1. La Esperanza (1846) 1st daily newspaper
2. La Illustracion Filipina (1859) 1st illustrated
periodical
3. El Catolico Filipino (1862) 1st religious
newspaper
4. La Opinion (1887) 1st political newpaper
5. El Ilokano (1889) 1st vernacular newspaper;
founded & edited by Isabelo de los Reyes
6. El Hogar (1893) 1st womens magazine

LITERATURE

Phil. Literature were religious in character

(ex. Prayer books, doctrinas, novenas, biographies
of saints, etc.) in order to propagate Christianity.

AWITS (chivalric-heroic poems) and

CORRIDOS (legendary-religious poems) became
popular among the masses.
Ex.
Siete Infantes de Lara, Ibong Adarna,
Bernardo Carpio
They were filipinized versions of Spanish & French
medieval romances.

The Pasion
-- favorite reading material during LENTEN
SEASON
-- depicts the story of Christs life, suffering &
crucifixion

Gaspar Aquino de Belen wrote the 1st Tagalog

pasion which was published in 1704.

Florante at Laura
-- poetical masterpiece of Francisco Balagtas
Baltazar, the Prince of Tagalog Poets.
BALAGTASAN, the modern Tagalog
poetical joust, was named in his honor.

Urbana at Feliza
-- a book on proper behavior of women, written by
Father Modesto de Castro, a Tagalog priest.

Biag ni Lam-ang
-- an Ilocano epic which recounts the deed of the
legendary Ilocano hero, Lam-ang.
-- popularized by Pedro Bukaneg, a blind poet
known to be the Father of Ilocano
Literature

Gonzalo de Cordova
-- a stirring metrical romance of Pampanga written
by Father Anselmo Fajardo, a Pampango priestwriter.

Spanish-Educated Filipinos who were

talented in literature:
Dr. Jose Rizal
-- greatest Filipino genius who excelled both in
prose & poetry
Dr. Pedro A. Paterno wrote the 1st Filipino
novel , Ninay in 1885
Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero,
Jose Palma composed the trinity of Filipino
poets; won endearing fame in Spanish poetry

Jose Palmas Spanish poem, Filipinas, became the

lyrics of the Phil. Natl Anthem

THEATRE
Early forms of drama: duplo and karagatan
Duplo a poetical debate held by trained men &
women on the 9th or last night of the mourning
period of the dead. Male participants were called
bellocos, the female participants, bellacas.
Karagatan - a poetical debate, like duplo, but it
was participated by amateurs.

1st recorded drama in Cebu (1598)

-- a comedia written by Vicente Puche
-- performed in honor of Msgr. Pedro de
Agurto, Cebus 1st bishop

In 1609, a play portraying the life of St. Barbara

was staged in Bohol.

3 KINDS OF PLAY:

Cenaculo
depicts the life & sufferings of Christ;
performed during the Lenten season
Moro-moro
- depicts the wars between Christians & Muslims
where Christians were always victorious
- Fr. Jeromino Perez wrote the 1st moro-moro
which was staged in Manila in 1637 to commemorate
Gov. Gen. Corcueras victory against the Moros of
Mindanao.
- favorite play of the people, especially during
town fiestas.
Zarzuela
- musical comedy
- Rizal wrote a zarzuela entitled, Junto al Pasig
(Beside the Pasig)

MUSIC
Filipino music was enriched by Spanish &
Mexican influences.
Filipino songs like Sampaguita (composed by
Dolores Paterno) & Bella Filipina (by T.
Masaguer) were Hispanized
The Phil. Natl Anthem composed by Julian
Felipe shows similarity to the Spanish Natl
Anthem

The violin, flute, piano, harp, guitar & other

musical instruments came from Mexico &
Europe.
Filipinos made replicas of the foreign
instruments using bamboos

Musikong Buho (bamboo musicians)

-could not read notes but can play European music
on their bamboo musical instruments.
- Learned any kind of music by ear.
-

Spanish missionaries contributed greatly to

the development of Philippine music

Fr. Geronimo de Aguilar

Founded a music school in the Franciscan
Convent of Manila
First to teach music to Bicolanos

Colegio de Nios Triples

- A music conservatory established in 1742 in the
Manila Cathedral by Arch. Juan Angel
Rodriguez.
- Poor yet gifted boys studied in this conservatory
such as Marcelo Adonay Palestrina of the
Philippines from Pakil, Laguna, the foremost
Filipino composer of church music & a splendid
organist.

The Bamboo Organ of Las Pinas

- built in 1818 by Fr. Diego Cerra, a Recollect
priest-musician
- one of the living glories of Philippine musical
art, remaining intact for over 100 years.

ARCHITECTURE

houses of well-to-do families were in Spanish

styles, with characteristics of Azotea and
Andalucian court
Churches were also of Spanish expression

PAINTING

Damian Domingo Father of Filipino

Painting

2 Greatest Filipino Painters:

1. Juan Luna
2. Felix Resureccion Hidalgo
Their paintings were recognized not just in
the Philippines, but also all over Europe

SCULPTURE
FILIPINO SCULPTORS:
Isabelo Tampingco wood carvings in the
Jesuit Church of St. Ignacius

Manuel Asuncion, Jose Arevalo, Romualdo

de Jesus carvers of beautiful saints
Jose Rizal
Mariano Madrinan his materpiece, Mater
Dolorosa, was awarded a diploma of honor &
gold medal

SCIENCES
The 1st scientists in the Philippines were the
Spanish friars
Filipino scientists distinguished themselves in
botanical research
Establishments of courses in medicine &
pharmacy in UST fostered scientific knowledge
The 1st sundials were built in 1871 at Tagudin,
Ilocos Sur by Fr. Juan Sorolla
Observatory of Manila oldest observatory in
Asia; forecasts typhoons & earthquakes

SPANISH BLOOD

Spanish-Filipino marriages improved the Filipino

racial stock by assimilating Spanish traits like
religious devotion, delicadeza(honor), romanticism,
loyalty to family, and urbanidad(good manners)
Spanish Filipino mestizas were noted for their
beauty & charm

Notable Spanish-Filipinos:
Father Gomez,Burgos, Zamora (GomBurZa)
Manuel A.Roxas
Manuel L. Quezon

HOSPITALS & ORPHANAGES

The 1st hospital in Manila was founded by a
Franciscan lay brother, Juan Clemente, in 1578,
in Manila
Hospitals were also established in provinces
Orphanages were founded during the Spanish
period

Real Hospicio de San Jose 1st regular

orphanage established in 1810 in Manila

FIESTAS
Every town or barrio had its own patron saint
and each year, the feast day of the patron saint
was celebrated with a fiesta
Official holidays were implemented during the
Spanish times

COCKFIGHTS
- Existed in the Philippines before the coming of
Magellan; Pigafetta saw it in Palawan
Spain introduced cockfighting as legalized
gambling

HORSE RACES
Horse racing the sport of kings; past time of
the elite
The hippodrome(race track) was located at the
suburb of Sta. Ana, Manila
Horse racing season lasted for three days

THE MANILA LOTTERY

Spain introduced lottery as legalized gambling for
government revenues purposes

THE CARILLO

A unique cardboard puppet show

Other Amusements During the Spanish Regime:

Parties celebrating birthdays, baptisms,
weddings & siyaman (9th day after burial of
family member)
Flores de Mayo & Santacruzan in May
Indoor games (storytelling of legends & ghost
stories, dramatic debates, card games) and
outdoor games(swimming, patintero, sipa)

SPAINS CONTRIBUTION TO
FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Because of Spains three-century colonization, the

country came to be known to the world as the
Philippines & the people, the Filipinos
Spain caused the diverse native tribes (Tagalog,
Visayans, Bicolanos, Ilocanos, etc.) to unite one
people