Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHLOROPLAST
KRT-2010
CENTRAL
VACUOLE
NUCLEUS
RIBOSOMES
ROUGH ER
SMOOTH ER
GOLGI BODY
PLASMA
MEMBRANE
LYSOSOMELIKE VESICLE
KRT-2010
Digestive
System
Muscular
System (F
ront View
)
Click here
to see how
joints
work:
Bone (anatomy
) -- Media -Encarta On
line
Cardiovascular
System
Skeletal System (
Front View)
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Heart
Lungs
Brain
Liver
Skin (Cu
t View)
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Eye
4
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/cardiology/heart/photographs.html
Unhealthy
Heart Tissue
(enlarged)
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Organisms
Organ Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
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Organisms
Organ Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
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Golgi Body
Lysosome
Cell Wall
Ribosome
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell
Membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
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I. SEL
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1. SEL
Unit terkecil yang mempunyai
kemampuan melakukan aktivitas
yang berhubungan dengan proses
hidup tumbuh-tumbuhan
Bentuk dan ukuran, antara lain :
Kubus, prisma, bundar, seperti
benang
15 100 mu pada sel parenkhima
daun
Beberapa cm pada sel serat
pembuluh xylem
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Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Bacterial Cell
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1. DINDING SEL
Sekunder
Lamela tengah
SEL
Nucleus
2. PROTOPLAST
Ribosom
Cytoplast
Mitokondria
Vakoula
Plastida
Senyawa organik
& anorganik
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Ektoplas (Sitoplast)
Protoplasma
Polioplas ()
Tonoplas (Vakoule)
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A. Cell wall
-- defines the shape of the cell
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3.
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Plant Cells
Cell wall
primary walls laid
down while cell is
growing
middle lamella
glues cells together
secondary walls
inside the primary
cell walls after
growth
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2.2 PROTOPLAST
- Plasma sel :
cairan sel, sebagai tempat distribusi beberapa organel
1. Inti sel/nucleus (membran, rangka, nucleolus, caira inti)
2. Plastida : leucoplast, chloroplast/chlorophyl, chromoplast
3. Mitokondria
4. Ribosom
5. Sentrosome dan lain sebagainya
- Vakuola/rongga sel
- Membran vakuola/
tonoplast
- Senyawa organik
Air sel (larutan garam, larutan alkaloid misalnya
nikotin, kinin
Lemak, cadangan di biji
Butir pati, tepung, butir protein, pada biji-bijian
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3. PEMBELAHAN SEL
a. Pembelahan Sel : mengakibatkan
bertambahnya jumlah sel dan pertumbuhan
b. Macam Pembelahan sel :
-Mitosis : pembelahan sel somatis
-Meiosis : pembelahan sel kelamin
Mitosis
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase
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Kromoplas
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Struktur Noktah
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Organelles
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Phloem
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Epidermis
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Mitosis
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Meiosis
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Meiosis
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II. JARINGAN
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1. DEFINISI JARINGAN
Sekumpulan sel
yang mempunyai
bentuk dan fungsi yang sama,
Kemudian,
Beberapa jaringan tsb
menyusun organ : akar, batang & daun
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Tipe-tipe
Jaringan
Jaringan Pembuluh
Jaringan Dasar
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JARINGAN MERISTEM
Ciri Ciri =
- Jaringan dari kumpulan sel muda,
Sifat =
- Senantiasa membelah,
- Fungsi pertumbuhan
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Interkalar
Lateral
Jaringan Meristem
Primer
2. Berdasar ASAL
Kambium
Sekunder
Fellogen
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3. Kolenkhim / J. Penunjang
4. Sklerenkhim / J. Penguat
5. Sistem Vaskular / J. Pembuluh
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Fungsi =
-
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Ciri ciri :
-
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Sel mati
Dinding sangat tebal dan berlignin
Bentuk tunggal (butiran pasir)
Bercabang banyak (tempurung kelapa)
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5. Jaringan Pembuluh
c) Perkembangan dan fungsi FLOEM =
Sel tapis, berkembang membentuk pembuluh tapis, sel-sel yg
mmanjang dan bersatu pada ujungnya. Dinding sel tidak
berlignin dan dinding selangnya berperforasi/ papan tipis.
Fungsi = sbg penghantar fotosintat. Sel pengiring pendamping
pembuluh tapis dan selnya hidup/ parenkhim, serat floem sbg
penguat
d) Jaringan EMPULUR
Jaringan sederhana yg tsusun dari jaringan dasar parenkhim.
Fungsi = penyimpan cadangan makanan.
e) Jaringan CORTEKS
Jaringan sederhana yg tsusun dari jaringan dasar parenkhim,
kholenkhim, kadang jg sklerenkhim dan secretorry sel
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JARINGAN
- Pembelahan
Mitosis
Miosis
- Pembesaran
Perubahan isi sel
- Diferensiasi
Proses tumbuh dari sel
Kumpulan sel
Yang mempunyai
Fungsi
dan bentuk
Yang sama
ORGAN
Akar
Batang
Daun
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Jaringan Parenkhim
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Sistem Jaringan
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Kambium Pembuluh
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I. SISTEM JARINGAN
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Sekumpulan jaringan
yang bekerja pada suatu organ,
dan organ-organ itu
akan menyusun
suatu tubuh tumbuhan
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2. PERKEMBANGAN MERISTEM
Apikal Meristem / Homogin
1. Protoderm
2. Meristem Dasar
3. Prokambium
Pith
Pertumbuhan
Primer
Pertumbuhan
Sekunder
Felloderm &
Fellem
Parenkhim
Collenkhim
Sklerenkhim
Skretory
Xilem sekunder
Floem sekunder
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Jar. Floem
Kambium
Jar. Xilem
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3. LOKASI / POSISI
Jadi perkembangan tumbuhan, melalui
1. Pertumbuhan primer, pada = apikal meristem dan
interkalar meristem,
2. Pertumbuhan sekunder, pada = lateral meristem
1. Apikal meristem
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4. PERTUMBUHAN SEKUNDER
Pertumbuhan
Sekunder
1. Pembentukan
Kambium Vaskuler
Interfascicular cambium
Pertumbuhan
Sekunder
Fellem
2. Pembentukan
Kambium Gabus
Felloderm
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Pembentukan
Kambium
Vaskuler
Pertumbuhan
2. Interfascicular Cambium
Sel meristem dasar berdiferensiasi menjadi
j. parenkhim diantara ikatan pembuluh dan
meristem. Fungsi = spt kambium
1. Vascicular Cambium
Inisial kambium/ kambial, terdiri dari :
- Ray Inisial/ sel kecil = bulat & dlm klp reguler,
- Fusiform Inisial/ sel panjang = dinding tipis
Perkembangan :
- menjadi jari-jari vascikuler,
- menjadi serat, trakeid element pembuluh,
- sel pendamping dan tabung ayak
2. Interfascicular Cambium
Meneruskan produksi sel parenkhim,
Sbg xilem dan floem tertentu
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IV. ORGAN
Ke bawah
Ujung akar
/ apikal meristem
AKAR
Ke atas
Meristem dasar :
Korteks
sbg endodermis
Organ
Protoderm :
epidermis
DAUN
trace
gab leaf
Tudung akar
Prokambium vaskuler :
- pericycle :
akar lateral,
kambium gabus,
kambium vaskuler
- primer xilem
- kambium vaskuler
- primer floem
- empulur
daerah absisi
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Organelle Functions
Safely holds
all organelles Gives
instructions
Chlorophyll
to the cell
(food) is made
Protects cell
from invaders (sun & insects)
Stores
in this structure
water & food
(through
Holds
photosynthesis)
cytoplasm &
allows
food/water to
Passageway
enter/exit cell
through which Receive materials Breaks down
materials in cell
from E.R. and food/worn-out cell
Gives
send them to parts and releases
are moved
energy to
other parts of cell.
the cell
them from cell
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Number of Cells
Organisms may be:
Unicellular
composed of one cell
Multicellularcomposed of many
cells that may
organize
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Prokaryotes
Nucleoid region
contains the DNA
Cell membrane &
cell wall
Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) to
make proteins in
their cytoplasm
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Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic
cell structures:
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm with
organelles
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Plant Cell
Animal
Cell
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Organelles
Very small size
Can only be observed under
a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
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Golgi Bodies
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Lysosome Hewan
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Nucleolus
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RIBOSOM
Ribosom
- present in plastids and
mitochondria
- RNA is present in this
particulates
- frequently associated with the
cytoplasmic membran-system,
the endoplasmic reticulum.
- polyribosomes = polysomes,
appear in groups, as helical
aggregations
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Chloroplasts
Convert sunlight energy to
ATP through
photosynthesis
Notice the larger surface
area created by
thylakoid discs.
What chemicals are
found embedded in these
membranes?
The fluid-filled portion of
the chloroplast is called
stroma.
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Chloroplast
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Mitochondria
Double membrane organelle
central cavity filled with matrix
inner membrane folds = cristae
large surface area for chemical
reactions of cellular respiration
Function
efficient generation of ATP
powerhouse of cell
Mitochondria self-replicate
increase in # when need for ATP
increases
circular DNA with 37 genes
only inherited from mother (in egg)
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Plant Cell
Cell membrane
Lies immediately
against the cell wall
Made of protein and
phospholipids
Selectively permeable
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Plant Cell
Cell membrane
Living layer
Controls the
movement of
materials into
and out of the
cell
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Plant Cell
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance
enclosed by cell
membrane
Provides a medium
for chemical
reactions to take
place
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Plant Cell
Cytoplasm
Contains organelles
to carry out
specific jobs
Examples:
chloroplast &
mitochondrion
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Guard Cells
root hair
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vacuole
cytoplasm
nucleus
mitochondrion
glycogen
granule
cell
membrane
Animal cell
No cell wall or
chloroplast
Stores glycogen
in the
cytoplasm for
food energy
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muscle cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
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Paramecium
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Plant cells
Relatively
smaller in size
Relatively
larger in size
Irregular shape
Regular shape
No cell wall
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Plant cells
Vacuole small or
absent
Large central
vacuole
Glycogen as food
storage
Starch as food
storage
Nucleus at the
center
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Levels of organization
Cells are
grouped
together
and work
as a whole
to perform
special
functions
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Tissue
A group of similar cells to
perform a particular
function
Animals : epithelial
tissue, muscular tissue
Plants : vascular tissue,
mesophyll
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Organ
Different tissues group
together to carry out
specialized functions
Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood
vessels
Leaf : consists of epidermis,
mesophyll and vascular tissue
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Chloroplast
Palisade
Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll
Cell
Air Space
Stoma
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System
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Levels of Organization
Its You!
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