Shaft design

ALADAD, GREMERSON
BESAS, RENZ CHRISTOPHER
CAINGLET, JANINE
CASTIL, JUNDY

SHAFT?
Rotating machine element that transmits power.

Shafts are usually circular in

cross-section, and may be
either hollow or solid.

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Shaft Design
Consists of the determination of the
correct shaft diameter to ensure
satisfactory strength and rigidity when
the shaft is transmitting power under
various operating and loading
conditions.

Shafts are usually subjected to torsion,

bending, and axial loads.
Design of shafts for ductile materials,
based on strength, is controlled by the
maximum-shear stress theory; while
shafts of brittle materials would be
designed on the basis of the maximumnormal stress theory.

Shaft design
Shaft design in pure bending

Bending forces produced by belts And sprockets

Net Force

Fnet ,is equal to F1 F2.

Where: F1=tension in the belt drive
F2=tension in the slack side
Bending force on the shaft:
Fb=F1+F2
Where :Fb=bending force
Bending force,F1+F2, can be computed by assuming F1/F2 or
by assuming C in F1+F2=C(F1-F2).
for flat belt: C=2,
Fb=F1+F2=2(F1-F2)

Bending forces produced by meshing gears

Where:
W=resultant force in contact
Wt=tangential component of force
Wr=radial component of force which
cause bending

Wr=Wt tan

Nominal stresses
For bending

Where:

Sm=mean bending stress

Sa=alternating bending stress
I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area
c=distance of an element of an area from the neutral axi

Shafts shear and moment diagrams

More shear and moment diagrams

are found in TABLE AT

2.

The shear and moment diagrams for shafts are

taken the same with the beams.

The location of the section with the

Maximum bending moment is
coincidental with the section of zero shear

Shaft transverse deflections

More formulae about

shaft
deflections are
available at table AT
2,moments and
deflections in beams.

Nominal stresses
For bending

Where:
Sm=mean shearing stress
Sa=alternating shearing stress
I=moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area
c=distance of an element of an area from the neutral axis

Vertical shear

Where:
V = Vertical Shear (lb)
A = Area of the cross section ()
Stress-concentration factor

Torsional deflection

Where:
= Torsional Deflection (rad)
G = Modulus of Elasticity in Shear (psi)
J = Polar Moment of Inertia of the section ()
L = Distance (in)
T = Torque (in-lb)

loads: The tensile or compressive stress

1) For axial

4 Fa
a
d 2

is:

For solid shafts

4 Fa
do2 di 2

For hollow shafts

2) For bending loads: The bending

stress
(tension or compression)
is:
M br
32 M b
b
b

I
d 3
32 M b d o

do 4 di 4

For solid shafts

For hollow shafts

3) For torsional loads: The torsional

stress
is:

Tr 16T
xy
3
J d
16Td o
xy
4
4
do di

For solid shafts

For hollow shafts

ASME Shaft Equations

The ASME code equation for hollow shaft combines torsion, bending,
and axial loads by applying the maximum-shear equation modified by
introducing shock, fatigue, and column factor as follows:

do

16

s 1 K 4

do

16
s

Fa d o 1 K 2
kb M b

kt M t

k b M b 2 kt M t 2
Where:
K di do
d o shaft outside diameter, m
d i shaft inside diameter, m
kb combined shock and fatigue factor applied to bending moment
kt combined shock and fatigue factor applied to torsional moment

For commercial steel shafting :

s allowable 8000 psi (55 MPa) for shaft without keyway

6000 psi (40 MPa) for shaft with keyway
Column - action factor ( ) :

unity for a tensile load.

For a compressive load, may be computed by :

1
1 .0.0044 L k

y
L k 2
nE

for L k 115

for L k 115
Where:

n 1 for hinged ends or 2.25 for fixed ends and 1.6 for
ends partly restrained , as bearings.
k radius of gyration, m I A

y yield stress in compression, N m 2

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