PT PERTAMINA EP

HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

Fracturing Basics

Proses memproduksikan sumur

dengan jalan meningkatkan
konduktivitas dari reservoir menuju
lubang sumur dengan cara
membentuk rekahan dan kemudian
menempatkan pasir secara
permanen di dalam reservoir

Fracturing Basics

Konsep Dasar
Fluida dipompakan pada
Tekanan dan Rate yg
tinggi
Rekahan terbentuk
didalam reservoir
Saat rekahan terbentuk dan
Terbuka kemudian proppant
dipompakan

Fracturing Basics
Proppant mengisi dlam rekahan
Dan memberikan peningkatan
Kondukivitas pada rekahan

Fracturing Basics

Pressure, Rate, Proppant Concentration

Basic Concept

BHTP

STP
Rate

Prop Conc

Time

Fracturing Basics

Pressure
What is Pressure?

Pressure is Stored Energy

(per unit volume)

Fracturing Basics

Pressure
Surface Treating Pressure
STP, Wellhead Pressure, Pw, Pstp
Pinj, Ptbg, Psurface

The Pressure the Frac Pumps

have to Work Against

Fracturing Basics

Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
HH, Hydrostatic Head,
PH, Phydro, PHH

The Pressure exerted Downhole

by the Weight of the Column
of Fluid

Fracturing Basics

Pressure
Tubing Friction Pressure
Pfrict, Pf, Pf

The Resistance of the Fluid to

Movement

Fracturing Basics

Pressure
Bottom Hole Treating Pressure
BHTP, Pbh, Pb

BHTP = STP + HH - Pf
The Pressure Inside the Wellbore,
at the Middle of the Fracture

Fracturing Basics

Pressure
Perforation Friction Pressure
Pperf, Ppfs, Pperf

The Pressure Drop as the Fluid

Passes through the Perfs

Near Wellbore Friction Pressure

Pnwb, Pnwb

The Pressure Drop as the Fluid

Passes through the Near
Wellbore Region (includes Pperf)

Fracturing Basics

Pressure
Closure Pressure
Pclosure =

The Pressure the Formation exerts

on the Proppant as the Fracture Closes

Fracture ExtensionPressure
Pext

The Pressure Drop Required to

Make the Fracture Grow

Fracturing Basics

Pressure
Instantaneous Shut-In Pressure
ISIP, ISDP, PISIP

The Bottom Hole Pressure right after

Pumping is Stopped

Net Pressure
Pnet

The Difference between

ISIP and Closure Pressure
Very Important

Fracturing Basics

Basic Fracture Characteristics

Length

Width

Height

Fracturing Basics

Fracture Conductivity, FC
Fracture Conductivity is a Measure
of How Conductive the Fracture is.
It is Analogous to the kh Produced
by Well Testing
Fracture Conductivity Defines How
Much can be Produced by the Fracture

Fracturing Basics

Fracture Conductivity, FC
FC =
where

w kp

w = average propped width

kp = proppant permeability

Remember that kp is Not Constant

Fracturing Basics

Fluid Leakoff
Fluida dipompakan kedalam rekahan
Sebagian fluida akan Leak off ke dalam
Formasi, melewati muka dari rekahan
Volume rekahan adalah total volume fluida
yang dipompakan dikurangi dengan
volume yang leak kedalam formasi

Fracturing Basics

Fluid Leakoff
Pressure Independent
VL = Ceff A t
Pressure tergantung dari
Uses 3 Coefficients:CI
CII
CIII

Viscosity Controlled
Compressibility Controlled
Wall-Building Controlled

Fracturing Basics

Fluid Leakoff
Pressure Dependent
CI
CII

=
CIII

0.0469

0.0374 P
=

k P
2
k cf

0.0164 m
Af

Fracturing Basics

Fluid Leakoff
Pressure Dependent
2 CII
Ceff

=
1+

1 + 4C

2
II

1
1
+
2
CI
CIII2

Koeffisien leakoff saat ini dihitung dengan

menggunakan Fracture Simulators

Fracturing Basics

Skin Factor
The Skin is a Region of Decreased
Permeability around the Wellbore
Damage biasanya disebabkan ketika sumur
Dibor, tetapi dapat juga terjadi saat produksi,
perawatan sumur, komplesi, workover dll

Fracturing Basics

Skin Factor

Wellbore

Permeability
high

low

Damage

Fracturing Basics

Skin Factor
This Produces an Additional Pressure Loss
in the Near Wellbore Region

Pskin =

141.2 q
kh

(Field Units)
where S is the Skin Factor

Fracturing Basics

Skin Factor
Reduced
Permeability

Pskin

Fracturing Basics

Skin Factor
API Skin Factor Equation:S = 1.151

P1hr - Pwf
m

- log10

k
cTrw

+ 3.23

162.6 q
Where m =
(field units)
kh

Based on Data from Well Test

Fracturing Basics

Skin Factor
S=0
S>0
S<0

Ideal Well
Real (Damaged) Well
Stimulation

Pada umumnya sumur-sumur memiliki Skins

Diantara 2 and 50, meskipun pada reservoir
yg memiliki permeabilitas besar,
sumur dapat memiliki skin sampai 200