Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Kangaroos/km2
> 20
1020
510
15
0.11
< 0.1
Limits of
distribution
Tasmania
Subfields of
Ecology
Organismal ecology studies how an organisms structure,
physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental
challenges
Population ecology focuses on factors affecting how many
individuals of a species live in an area
Community ecology deals with the whole array of
interacting species in a community
Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical
cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components
Landscape ecology deals with arrays of ecosystems and
how they are arranged in a geographic region
Palearctic
Nearctic
Tropic
of Cancer
(23.5N)
Oriental
Ethiopian
Equator
Neotropical
(23.5S)
Tropic of
Capricorn
Australian
Dispersal and
Distribution
Dispersal is movement of individuals away from
centers of high population density or from their
area of origin
Dispersal contributes to global distribution of
organisms
Natural range expansions show the influence of
dispersal on distribution
New areas
occupied Year
1996
1989
1974
Species
Transplants
Species transplants include organisms that are
intentionally or accidentally relocated from their
original distribution
Species transplants can disrupt the communities
or ecosystems to which they have been introduced
Some organisms do not occupy all of their
potential range
Species distribution may be limited by habitat
selection behavior
100
Sea
urchin
80
Both limpets
and urchins
removed
Only
urchins
removed
60
Limpet
40
20
August
1982
February
1983
August
1983
February
1984
Climat
e
North Pole
60N
30N
Tropic of
Cancer
Sunlight directly overhead at equinoxes
0 (equator)
Tropic of
Capricorn
30S
60S
South Pole
Atmosphere
0 (equator)
30S
Constant tilt
of 23.5
September equinox: Equator faces
sun directly; neither pole tilts
toward sun; all regions on Earth
experience 12 hours of daylight and
12 hours of darkness.
December solstice:
Northern Hemisphere tilts
away from sun; winter
begins in Northern
Hemisphere; summer
begins in Southern
Hemisphere.
60N
30N
Descending
dry air
absorbs
moisture
0 (equator)
30S
60S
.5
30 23
Arid
zone
Ascending
moist air
releases
moisture
0
Tropics
Descending
dry air
absorbs
moisture
23.5 30
Arid
zone
Arctic
Circle
60N
Westerlies
30N
Northeast trades
Doldrums
Southeast trades
0
(equator)
30S
Westerlies
60S
Antarctic
Circle
Wind
direction
East
Pacific
Ocean
Coast
Range
Sierra
Nevada
Spring
Winter
O2 (mg/L)
8
12
8
16
2
4
4
4
4C
24
O2 concentration
12
12
8
16
24
4
4
4
4C
O2 (mg/L)
0
12
16
24
22
20
18
8
6
5
4C
4
4
4
4C
Autumn
Thermocline
Summer
30N
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
Continental
shelf
30S
Key
Lakes
Rivers
Estuaries
Coral
reefs
Oceanic
pelagic zone
Intertidal
zone
Abyssal zone
(below oceanic
pelagic zone)
Littoral
zone
Limnetic
zone
Photic
zone
Benthic
zone
Zonation in a lake
Pelagic
zone
Aphotic
zone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone
Oceanic zone
Photic zone
200 m
Continental
shelf
Pelagic
zone
Benthic
zone
2,5006,000 m
Abyssal zone
(deepest regions of ocean floor)
Marine zonation
Aphotic
zone
Desert
Temperate grassland
Tropical forest
30
Temperate
broadleaf
forest
15
Coniferous
forest
0
Arctic and
alpine
tundra
15
100
200
300
400
30N
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
30S
Key
Tropical forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
Temperate grassland
Temperate broadleaf forest
Coniferous forest
Tundra
High mountains
Polar ice
Animations and
Videos
Chapter Quiz Questions 1
Chapter Quiz Questions 2
Bozeman Ecosystems
Bozeman - Ecosystem Change
Earth's Four Convection Cells
How Ecosystems Work
Biomes