Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Principles of
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics : the quantitative study of
energy transductions in living cells and
the physical-chemical nature underlying
these processes.
G = G'o + RT ln Q (Q = [products]/[reactants])
G' o = -RT ln K'eq (K'eq : equilibrium constant)
The actual free energy change (G ) determines
whether a reaction occurs spontaneously.
The standard free energy change in biochemistry
( G'o) is a constant (measured under a standard
set of conditions).
G for a reaction can be larger, smaller, or the
same as G'o, depending on the concentrations of
the reactants and products (Q: mass action ratio).
Fig. 2. The two-dimensional stick model of the adenosine phosphate family of molecules, showing the atom and bond
arrangement.
ATP provides
energy usually
through group
Gln synthetase
transfer
(protein could
also be such
acceptors)
Nucleophilic attacks
Not phosphate
oxidation-reduction
reactions generates
biological energy
H2O
O2
Free energyTransmembrane
Proton gradient
2e
2e
2e
Metabolic fuels
Oxidation
ATP
(NADH, FADH2)
2e-
CO2
5
8
2
4
7
2
3
1
0
of an redox
reaction is
particularly
easy to
determine
e-
It can be determined
simply by measuring
the voltage difference
between the two halfcells, with each
containing a halfreaction of the redox
reaction.
e-
pH 0
pH 7
E' o = 0.00 V positive E'
e-
E'
pH 0
= 0.00 V
pH 7
Negative E'
E'
[oxidized form]
[reduced form]
carrier
Niacin
Riboflavin
NAD+
FAD
Summary