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CHAPTER 7 : NATURAL
DISASTER

Volcanic
Eruption

INTRODUCTION
Volcano is a rupture on the crust of a
planetary-mass object, such as earth, that
allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to
escape from a magma chamber below the
surface.

Active volcano is a volcano that has had at

least one eruption during the past 10,000
years.

Dormant volcano would then be one that

hasnt erupted in the past 10,000 years, but
which is expected to erupt again.

Extinct volcano has not had an eruption for

at many years and is not expected to erupt
again in a comparable time scale of the
future.

RING OF FIRE

Pacific Ring of Fire

The Ring of Fire is an area in the basin of the
Pacific Ocean where a large number of
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

CROSS-SECTION THROUGH A VOLCANO

formation of volcano

The formation of volcano on earth's happen due to

the plates are being constantly moved by
convection currents found in the mantle.

There are two types of crust, oceanic and

continental.Generally oceanic crust is found under
the oceans and continental crust is under
land(mainland)

The process is known as convection currents:Magma (semi-molten rock) near the outer core is
heated.
As the magma warms it expands and becomes less
dense.
The less dense magma then starts to rise towards
the crust
As the magma nears the crust it begins to cool.
The cooling magma becomes denser and begins to
sink
The rising and falling magma creates circular
currents with the mantle

Type of crust & characteristic

OCEANIC CRUST

CONTINENTAL
CRUST

Oceanic crust is
younger

Continental crust is
older

Oceanic crust is
normally thinner

Continental crust is
normally thicker

Oceanic crust is
denser (heavier)

Continental crust is
less dense (lighter)

Oceanic crust can

be destroyed

Continental crust
can't be made

Oceanic crust can

be made

Continental crust
can't be destroyed.

when volcano occur

when the plate is at :1.
2.
3.

divergent plate boundaries(usually form ocean

ridges & volcano rift)
hot spots(new island or volcano)
convergent(subduction) plate boundaries(explosive
volcano)

Type and shape of volcano

Acid Volcano
Acid volcanoes are formed by viscous
(thick) lava. Because the lava is very thick, it
does not travel far before it sets (goes hard
and turns to rock). This creates a very
classic steep sided volcano shape or more
like a cone shape.

Basaltic(basic)volcano
A basic volcano is created by much more
runny (less thick/viscous) lava. Because the
lava is less thick, it travels further before
going hard. This creates a much gentler
(less steep) shaped volcano or more like a
shield shape.

Effects of Volcano Eruption

To Human

To Environment

To Human
Respiratory symptoms (short-term)
Runny nose
Sore throat/coughing
Wheezing/shortness of breath
Possible Bronchitis

To Human
Eye symptoms (short-term)
May become itchy or bloodshot
Corneal abrasions or scratches

To Environment
Dangerous particles and gases are carried
in volcanic ash. Some of these include;
Carbon dioxide
Sulphates (Sulphur dioxide)
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid

To Environment
Carbon dioxide emitted from volcanoes
adds to the natural greenhouse effect.
Sulphur dioxides converted to sulphuric
acid; which causes acid rain.
Lava flows destroy settlements and clear
areas of woodland or agriculture.

To Environment
Natural landscapes can be destroyed and
changed forever.

Lists of Supervolcanoes

 Mount Pinatubo (Philippines)

Type : Stratovolcano.
It ejected roughly 10,000,000,000 tonnes or 10
km3 of magma and 22,000,000 short tons of
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2).
Major eruption : 15 June 1991.
Age of rock : Between 635,000 80,000 and 1.1
0.09 million years.
Elevation : 1486 m (4875 ft)(current), 1745 m
(5725 ft) (before 1991 eruption).

Before the major eruption on 1991

Three days before the

climatic eruption 1991

15 June 1991, plume minutes after the

climatic eruption

After the climatic eruption on 1 August

1991

 Mount St. Helens (Washington, United States).

Type : Stratovolcano
Elevation : 8,363 ft (2,549 m) (before eruption),
4,605 ft (1,404 m) (current)
Age of rock : < 40,000 years
Major eruption : 18 May 1980

27 April 1980, before the major eruption

Lakes nearest to Mount St. Helens were partly covered

with felled trees for more than thirty years. This
photograph was taken in 2012.
Major eruption on 18 May 1980

Lake Toba (Sumatra, Indonesia)

Type : Caldera
Major eruption : 75000 900 years ago.
Largest explosive volcanic eruption within
the last 25 million years.

Landsat photo of Sumatra surrounding Lake Toba

 Yellowstone Caldera (Yellowstone National

Park, Wyoming, United States).
Type : Caldera
Elevation : 9,203 ft (2,805 m).
Age of rock : 640,000 years.
Major eruption : 70,000 years ago.

The northeastern part of Yellowstone Caldera, with the

Yellowstone River flowing through Hayden Valley and the
caldera rim in the distance

Emergency Response (Evacuation)

Follow authorities instructions
Tune in the radio or television for updates.
Review your emergency plan and gather
your emergency supplies.
Be sure to pack at least a 1-week supply of
prescription medications.
Fill your vehicles gas tank
Follow designated evacuation routes

Emergency Response (No Evacuation)

Keep listening to your radio or television
until further notice
Close all doors and windows
Turn off all heating and air conditioning
systems and fans
Organize your emergency supplies to make
sure household members know where the
supplies are

The End