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edward t. howley
Exercise Physiology
Theory and Application to Fitness and
Performance eighth edition
Chapter
Chapter 2
Objectives
1. Define the terms homeostasis and steady state.
2. Diagram and discuss a biological control system.
3. Give an example of a biological control system.
4. Explain the terms negative feedback.
5. Define what is meant by the gain of a control
system.
Chapter 2
Outline
Examples of
Homeostasis: Dynamic
Homeostatic Control
Constancy
Regulation of Body
Control Systems of the
Temperature
Body
Regulation of Blood
Nature of the Control
Glucose
Systems
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Gain of a Control System
Exercise: A Test of
Homeostatic Control
Exercise Improves
Homeostatic Control Via
Cellular Adaptation
Stress Proteins Assist in
the Regulation of
Cellular Homeostasis
Chapter 2
Dependent variable
On y-axis (vertical)
Changes as a function of independent variable
Chapter 2
Dependent variable,
changes as a function
of exercise intensity.
Independent variable
Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2
Steady state
Physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily
normal
Balance between demands placed on body and the bodys
response to those demands
Examples:
Body temperature
Arterial blood pressure
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
In Summary
Homeostasis is defined as the maintenance of a constant
or unchanging normal internal environment during
unstressed conditions.
The term steady state is also defined as a constant
internal environment, but this does not necessarily mean
that the internal environment is at rest and normal. When
the body is in a steady state, a balance has been
achieved between the demands placed on the body and
the bodys response to those demands.
Chapter 2
Organ systems
Pulmonary and circulatory systems
Replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Chapter 2
An increase in temperature
above the set point signals the
air conditioner to turn on.
Chapter 2
Control center:
Assesses input and initiates response
Effector:
Changes internal environment back to normal
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Negative Feedback
Response reverses the initial disturbance in
homeostasis
Example:
Chapter 2
Positive Feedback
Response increases the original stimulus
Example:
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
In Summary
A biological control system is composed of a sensor, a
control center, and an effector.
Most control systems act by way of negative feedback.
The degree to which a control system maintains
homeostasis is termed the gain of the system. A control
system with a large gain is more capable of maintaining
homeostasis than a system with a low gain.
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Exercise
Exercise disrupts homeostasis by changes in pH, O2,
CO2, and temperature
Control systems are capable of maintaining steady
state during submaximal exercise in a cool
environment
Intense exercise or prolonged exercise in a hot/humid
environment may exceed the ability to maintain
steady state
May result in fatigue and cessation of exercise
Chapter 2
Acclimatization
Adaptation to environmental stresses
Heat stress in a hot environment
Cell signaling
Communication between cells using chemical messengers
Important for maintaining homeostasis
Chapter 2
Juxtacrine signaling
Chemical messenger passed between two connected cells
Autocrine signaling
Chemical messenger acts on that same cell
Paracrine signaling
Chemical messengers act on nearby cells
Endocrine signaling
Chemical messengers released into blood
Only affect cells with specific receptor
Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2
Stress Proteins
Cells synthesize stress proteins when homeostasis
is disrupted
Heat shock proteins repair damaged proteins in cell
Stresses include:
High temperature
Low cellular energy levels
Abnormal pH
Alterations in cell calcium
Protein damage by free radicals
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
In Summary
Exercise represents a challenge to the bodys control
systems to maintain homeostasis. In general, the bodys
control systems are capable of maintaining a steady state
during most types of exercise in a cool environment.
However, intense exercise or prolonged work in a hostile
environment (i.e., high temperature/ humidity) may exceed
the ability of a control system to maintain steady state,
and severe disturbances of homeostasis may occur.
Acclimatization is the change that occurs in response to
repeated stresses and results in the improved function of
an existing homeostatic system.
Copyright 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 2
In Summary
Cell signaling is defined as a system of communication
that governs cellular activities and coordinates cell
actions.
A variety of cell signaling mechanisms participate in the
regulation of homeostasis and are required to regulate
cellular adaptation. The major cell signaling mechanisms
include: 1) intracrine signaling, 2) juxtacrine signaling, 3)
autocrine signaling, 4) paracrine signaling, and 5)
endocrine signaling.
Chapter 2
In Summary
Exercise-induced protein synthesis occurs via cell
signaling events that lead to the activation of genes, which
leads to protein synthesis and improved ability to maintain
homeostasis during the stress of exercise.
Chapter 2
Study Questions
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Chapter 2
Study Questions
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